URINARY SYSTEM

• URINARY SYSTEM

  • Responsible for the elimination of the waste products which is continuously being formed by the cells. (These waste products have to be removed in order to maintain a state of equilibrium).
  • Part of excretory system
• EXCRETORY ORGANS

  • LUNGS
  • KIDNEYS
  • GIT
  • SKIN
• FUNCTIONS

  1. Regulation of blood volume and composition
  2. Regulation of blood pH
  3. Regulation of blood pressure
  4. Contributions to metabolism
• KIDNEYS

  • are reddish brown paired bean shaped retroperitoneal organ about 4-5in. long
• LAYERS SURROUNDING THE KIDNEYS

  1. RENAL CAPSULE
  2. ADIPOSE CAPSULE
  3. RENAL FASCIA
• Renal capsule – innermost layer,

  • helps maintain the shape of each kidney.
• Adipose (peri-renal) capsule – intermediate layer,

  -hold the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity
• Renal fascia (Gerota’s fascia)

  • outermost layer,
  • anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall.
• REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY

  1. RENAL CORTEX
  2. RENAL MEDULLA
  3. RENAL PELVIS
• Renal Cortex – filtering layer of the kidney

  -Outer portion, reddish area and contains the “nephron”
• Renal Medulla

  – collecting layer of the kidney 

  -Inner portion, deep reddish brown area
• Renal Pelvis – a funnel shaped structure found at the center of the kidney, and formed by the union of major calyces.
• NEPHRON

  Forms the anatomical and functional unit of the kidney
• NEPHRON

  Functions

  1. Filtration (Glomerular)
  2. Secretion
  3. Reabsorption
• Renal corpuscles (Malphigean body)

  •Plasma is filtered

  a.Glomerulus

  b.Bowman’s capsule
• Renal tubules (Uriniferous)

  •Filtered luid passes

  a.Proximal convulated tubule

  b.Loop of henle

  c.Distal convulated tubule

  d.Straight collecting tubule
• URETERS

  Are two musculo-membranous and retroperitoneal tube which conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder, 10-12 inches long.
• LAYERS OF THE URETER WALL

  1. MUCOUS MEMBRANE
  2. MUSCULAR COAT
  3. FIBROUS COAT
• URINARY BLADDER

  A hollow, pear shaped musculo-membranous sac found in the anterior portion of the pelvis behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum in male, or uterus in female.
• URINARY BLADDER STRUCTURE

  1. FUNDUS
  2. NECK
  3. SUPERIOR SURFACE
  4. ANTERIOR SURFACE
• URETHRA

  • is a canal extending from the neck of the bladder to the urinary meatus
  • it serves to convey urine from the urinary bladder to the outside
• MALE URETHRA

  Divided into 3 portions:

  1. prosthatic urethra – widest and most dilatable
  2. membranous urethra – shortest portion
  3. penile urethra – longest portion
• MALE URETHRA

  An S-shaped and much longer than that of female urethra, about 6-8inches long.
• FEMALE URETHRA

  Lies directly posterior to symphysis pubis, very short and straight about 1-1.5in long
• FEMALE URETHRA

  It is embedded in the anterior wall of vagina, the external opening is found anterior to the vaginal opening about an inch behind the glans of clitoris; on each side of the opening are found the “skeenes gland”.
• Micturition – the act of expelling urine from the urinary bladder, also known as urination.
• . Urine – a clear and transparent fluid with an amber yellow color
• Residual urine – the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
• Enuresis (bed wetting) – involuntary voiding at night after the 3rd year of life
• Polyuria – an increase in the volume of urine excreted
• Oliguria – a decrease in the volume of urine output
• Anuria – complete suppression of urinary output
• Nocturia – an increase in the volume of night urine
• Diuretics – a substance which increases the flow of urine, ex. Water, caffeine, alcohol
• Incontinence – a lack of voluntary control over micturition
• Diuresis – increased urine produced
• Retention – a failure to completely or normally void urine.
• Excretion – removal of metabolic waste