Solids, Liquids and Gases [NF]

• Particle


  An atom or molecule that makes up everything
• Density


  The measure of how close particles are arranged (the amount of particles per unit volume)
• Intermolecular bonds


  The bonds between molecules
• Anomaly


  Something that deviates from what is standard, normal or expected
• Density Word Equation


  Mass (kg) /Volume (m3)
• Density Symbol Equation


  ρ = m/V
• Volume equation


  length x width x height
• Archimedes Principle


  An object submerged in water will displace the same volume of water. This volume can then be maesured in a measuring cylinder.
• Pressure (Pa) Word Equation


  Force (N) / Area (m2)
• Pressure Symbol Equation


  p = F/A
• Pressure


  The measure of how much force is exerted over an area.
• Weight Word Equation (N)


  Mass (kg) x Gravitational field strength
• What is the gravitational constant of Earth?


  10 N
• How do you measure the Density of Regular objects?


  Measure the object's mass using a mass balance. Calculate the object's volume by doing 'length x width x height'. Divide the mass by the volume.
• How do you measure the Density of Irregular objects?

  Measure the object's mass on a mass balance and record. Fill the displacement can until the water is level with the bottom of the pipe. Place a measuring cylinder under the pipe, ready to collect the displaced water. Place object in the can. Measure the volume of displaced water. Using the measured mass and volume, subsitute into equation.
• Why do objects float?


  Because the objects are less dense than water
• Why does heating a gas increase pressure?

  Heat increases the kinetic energy of particles. As they move faster they hit the container/surroundings, exerting more force.
• Friction


  The constant force that resists motion
• Static friction


  The force that keeps an object in place by rubbing
• Sliding Friction


  The force acting against the motion of an object
• Rolling Friction


  The force against motion that causes rotation
• Pressure in Fluids Word Equation


  Pressure = height x density x gravitational field strengh
• Pressure in Fluids Symbol Equation


  p = ρgh
• What is Pressure measured in?


  Pascals (Pa)
• What happens if force is exerted over a small area?


  The pressure is great
• What happens if force is exerted over a large area?


  The pressure is small
• Hydraulic


  A hydraulic system utilises the idea that pressure is constant
• How do you measure the Density of Water?


  Put the measuring cylinder on the mass balance, zero the reading and fill with water to find the mass. Find the volume of the water in a measuring cylinder (ml = cm cubed). Substitute into the equation.
• How does Pressure in liquids work?


  The deeper you go down, the greater the pressure (presssure is directly proportional to depth)
• How do you answer a question about hydraulics?


  There is a small force and a big force (the slave and master piston). It multiplies the force so a small force over a small area = a big force over a big area because pressure is constant and acts in all directions. Subsitute values into equations and rearrange.
• How does Pressure work in Fluids?


  The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest acts equally in all directions.
• How do particles cause a pressure on the walls of containers?


  1. Particles have a high kinetic energy

  2. The particles collide with the walls

  3. This exerts a force on the walls

  4. As pressure = force / area

  5. A pressure is created.
• What happens to pressure when temperature is reduced?


  1. The kinetic energy of the particles decreases.

  2. There's a reduced frequency of successful collisions

  3. The force on the walls decreases

  4. As pressure = force / area

  5. Pressure decreases
• What happens to pressure when volume is reduced?


  1. The frequency of successful collisions increases.

  2. The force on the walls increases.

  3. As PV = PV and pressure = force / area

  4. Pressure increases
• What is the transisition from gas to solid called?


  Deposition
• What is the transition from solid to gas called?


  Sublimation
• What is Zero Kelvin?


  When particles have zero internal energy
• How do you convert from kelvins to celsius?


  Subtract 273
• How do you convert form celsius to kelvins?


  Add 273
• What is the equation for specific heat capacity?


  Specific heat capacity = energy supplied / (mass x temperature change)