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A level aqa psychology
A level aqa psychology topic 7 research methods
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indiana merrells
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Cards (294)
What is the aim of a study?
To
find
out
what
the
study
investigates
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What is a research question?
A question that guides the
study's
aim
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What is a general aim of a study?
To see if
physiological
states
affect
cognition
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What is a specific aim of a study?
To see if
hunger
affects
memory
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What is a hypothesis?
A
prediction
about
study variables
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What is the alternative hypothesis?
A prediction stating a
causal link
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What must a hypothesis include?
Independent variable
and dependent variable
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What does the manipulation of the IV imply?
It causes changes in the
DV
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What is an example of a hypothesis?
Hunger
leads
to better memory of food words
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What does IV stand for?
Independent variable
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What does DV stand for?
Dependent variable
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What is a one-tailed test?
A
directional hypothesis
with a clear direction
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What is an example of a one-tailed hypothesis?
Hunger leads to better
memory recall
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What is a two-tailed test?
A
non-directional
hypothesis without a clear direction
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What does a two-tailed hypothesis imply?
Hunger affects
memory
but
direction
is
unknown
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When is a one-tailed test used?
When there are clear
previous research
findings
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When is a two-tailed test used?
When there are no
clear research findings
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What are experimental conditions?
Conditions testing the effect of the
IV
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What is a control condition?
A comparison condition to test the
IV's
effect
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In a hunger/memory study, what might the experimental condition involve?
Starving
participants
for a few
hours
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What does operationalization mean?
How
variables
will be specifically measured
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How might memory be operationalized?
Percentage
of food-related words recalled
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What does the null hypothesis suggest?
Any
difference
occurs by chance
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How is the null hypothesis written?
Similar to the
alternative hypothesis
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What are the operationalized variables in the examples provided?
IV
= when they do it;
DV
= how much work they do
IV = stress levels; DV = health
IV = children's age; DV = rough and tumble
IV = weather; DV = mood
IV = age; DV = memory
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What are extraneous variables?
Factors that may interfere with the
experiment
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Why should extraneous variables be controlled?
To ensure the
IV
affects the
DV
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What are examples of extraneous variables?
Participant
age
,
lighting
, background
noise
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What are participant variables?
Differences between
participants
affecting results
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What are situational variables?
Features of the
experimental environment
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What are confounding variables?
Variables that interfere with the
IV's
effect
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What are demand characteristics?
Participants
change behavior based on
experiment's
purpose
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What is the "please you" effect?
Participants comply with the
experimenter
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What is the "screw you" effect?
Participants do not comply with the
experimenter
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What are investigator effects?
Unwanted influences of the investigator on
outcomes
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How can randomization reduce investigator effects?
By making
conditions
as random as possible
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What is standardization in experiments?
Giving all
participants
the same experience
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What is counterbalancing?
Half
participants
take
A
then
B
, others B then A
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What is the purpose of counterbalancing?
To control for
order effects
in experiments
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What is a repeated measures design?
Participants repeat tasks in both
conditions
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