individual differences: hardiness L8

• Who conducted the key study on hardiness in 1979?

  Kobasa
• What was the aim of Kobasa and Madi's 1977 study?

  To investigate why some people are hardy
• What are the three characteristics of hardiness identified by Kobasa?

  Commitment, control, and challenge
• How do hardy people perceive control in their lives?

  They see themselves as being in control
• What does commitment mean in the context of hardiness?

  Being involved with the world and having purpose
• How do hardy individuals view challenges?

  As problems to overcome rather than threats
• What method did Kobasa use to measure stress and illness?

  Self-report techniques and scales
• What issue did early research on hardiness face?

  Lengthy and awkwardly worded questionnaires
• What did Maddi's (1997) Personal Value Survey address?

  Issues with the original questionnaire
• What is the goal of hardiness training programs?

  To increase self-confidence and coping skills
• How does hardiness training compare to relaxation techniques?

  It is more effective than relaxation techniques
• In what fields have hardiness training programs been applied?

  Business, education, and military training
• What was the outcome of Maddi's (1987) study on employees?

  It reduced stress and illness in the workforce
• What correlation was found regarding low hardiness and negative affectivity?

  High NA individuals report more distress
• What did Lifton et al. (2006) measure in their study?

  Hardiness levels in American executives
• What was a key finding regarding hardiness characteristics?

  They correlate with low hardiness levels
• What did the thriving group in the study show evidence of?

  More evidence of hardiness characteristics
• How do low hardiness individuals typically respond to stress?

  They dwell on failures and negative aspects
• How do the findings of Kobasa and Maddi relate to hardiness training effectiveness?

  They support the effectiveness of hardiness training