Save
biology
biomolecules
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Share
Learn
Created by
lily
Visit profile
Cards (85)
Four major classes of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
chemical reactions involving
macromolecules
are catalyzed by
enzymes
carbohydrate enzymes
amylase
sucrase
lactase
maltase
lipid enzymes
lipases
protein enzymes
pepsin
peptidases
nucleic acid enzymes
DNAase
RNAase
Dehydration synthesis
(also known as
condensation
) – e.g. two molecules of glucose are linked to form the disaccharide maltose
A
water
molecule is formed as the two monosaccharides are linked by a
covalent bond
Dehydration reactions
form new bonds/require energy
Hydrolysis
– process of
breaking polymers down
into
individual monomers
– also known as a hydration reaction
Water serves as a reactant
here; one monomer receives a H+ and the other monomer receives an OH
carbohydrates
presented by the
general formula (CH2O)n
Ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is
1:2:1
Monomers are called
monosaccharides
, dimers are called
disaccharides
– more than that and we call them
polysaccharides
carbohydrate functions
Energy
– long storage & short term
Structure
– mostly in plants, cellulose
source of carbon
for other biomolecules
protection
monosaccharides
Monosaccharides usually have
3-7
carbons
End with the suffix
–ose
Contain a
carbonyl group C=O
Five- and six-carbon monosaccharides exist in equilibrium between linear and ring forms
Structural isomers –
same formula, different properties/sources
e.g.
glucose,
galactose
&
fructose
all have C6H12O6
What are the four major classes of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
,
lipids
,
proteins
,
nucleic acids
View source
What do organic molecules contain?
All contain
carbon
View source
What are macromolecules made of?
Monomers
linked into
polymers
View source
How are macromolecules broken down?
By specific
enzymes
for each class
View source
Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
View source
What is dehydration synthesis?
Linking molecules while forming
water
View source
What happens during hydrolysis reactions?
Polymers
are broken down into
monomers
View source
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn
View source
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
2:1
View source
What are monosaccharides?
Monomers
of
carbohydrates
View source
What suffix do monosaccharides typically end with?
ose
View source
What is a glycosidic bond?
Bond formed between two
monosaccharides
View source
What are disaccharides?
Two
monosaccharides
linked together
View source
What is the process of forming disaccharides called?
Dehydration synthesis
View source
What is the molecular weight of polysaccharides?
Could be >
10,000
daltons
View source
What are lipids characterized by?
Non-polar
hydrocarbons
View source
What are the functions of lipids?
Protection
,
waterproofing
,
energy
,
insulation
View source
What are fatty acids composed of?
Glycerol
and
fatty acids
View source
What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated ones?
Saturated have
no C=C
bonds
View source
What are essential fatty acids?
Needed by
diet
, not
synthesized
View source
What is a phospholipid?
Molecule with two
fatty acids
and
phosphate
View source
Where are phospholipids found?
In
cell membranes
View source
What is the structure of steroids?
Closed ring
structure with
four
linked rings
View source
What is the function of cholesterol in membranes?
Maintains
fluidity
of the membrane
View source
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage
(long and short term)
Structural component
(e.g., cellulose in plants)
Source of
carbon
for other
biomolecules
Protection
View source
What are the types of lipids and their functions?
Types of lipids:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids
Functions:
Protection
Waterproofing
Energy storage
Insulation
Lubrication
Signaling
View source
What are the types of fatty acids?
Saturated
: no
C=C
bonds
Unsaturated
:
C=C
bonds
Essential fatty acids: needed from
diet
(e.g., ω-3, ω-6)
View source
What are the characteristics of monosaccharides?
Usually have
3-7 carbons
End with suffix
-ose
Contain a
carbonyl group
(
C=O
)
Exist in
linear
and
ring
forms
Structural isomers with same
formula
but different properties
View source
What are the characteristics of disaccharides?
Formed from two
monosaccharides
Joined by
glycosidic
bonds
Examples include
maltose
,
lactose
,
sucrose
View source
See all 85 cards
See similar decks
GCSE Biology
4243 cards
OCR GCSE Biology
2284 cards
WJEC GCSE Biology
2787 cards
Edexcel GCSE Biology
2635 cards
CCEA GCSE Biology
1402 cards
AQA GCSE Biology
3781 cards
OCR A-Level Biology
3977 cards
cell differentiation
biology
47 cards
AP Biology
3360 cards
AQA A-Level Biology
3538 cards
6.5 Forensic Biology
Edexcel A-Level Biology > Topic 6: Immunity, Infection and Forensics
226 cards
Unit 1: Cell Biology
GCSE Biology
527 cards
Edexcel A-Level Biology
8631 cards
3.5 Developmental Biology
Edexcel A-Level Biology > Topic 3: Voice of the Genome
47 cards
6.5 Forensic Biology
Edexcel A-Level Biology > Topic 6: Immunity, Infection and Forensics
221 cards
Unit 1: Cell Biology
AQA GCSE Biology
407 cards
Edexcel A-Level Biology
8664 cards
Module 2: Foundations in biology
OCR A-Level Biology
1003 cards
8.3 Population Ecology
AP Biology > Unit 8: Ecology
88 cards
Unit 7: Ecology
GCSE Biology
734 cards
Unit 8: Ecology
AP Biology
330 cards