Intro to Organic

• what is organic chemistry?


  the study of carbon-based compounds.
• list four naturally occurring carbon compounds.


  glucose, DNA, proteins, silk
• list four synthetic carbon compounds.


  nylon, plastic, drugs, medicine
• by what system are carbon compounds named?

  IUPAC naming system
• why is the IUPAC system used?


  for consistency e.g. research and collaboration
• give 2 examples of general formulas.

  alkanes, CnH2n+2

  alkenes, CnH2n
• what empirical formula?


  the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
• what is molecular formula?


  the actual number of each atom in a molecule
• what is structural formula?


  representation of a molecule showing what is bonded to each individual carbon.
• what is the structural formula of propan-1-ol?


  CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
• what is the structural formula of butan-2,3-diol?


  CH₃CH(OH)CH(OH)CH₃
• what is the displayed formula?


  a model showing every single bond between every atom
• what is the skeletal formula?


  shows carbon to carbon bonds only
• list the first 10 prefixes of organic molecules

  meth

  eth

  prop

  but

  pent

  hex

  hept

  oct

  non

  dec
• where are alkyl groups derived from?


  alkanes with an H missing
• draw the functional group of alkenes


  .

  
• draw the functional group of alcohols


  saturated

  hydroxyl group

  
• draw the functional group of haloalkanes.


  haloalkane

  
• draw the functional group of aldehydes


  aldehyde functional group

  
• draw the functional group of ketones.


  double bond between O and C

  
• draw the functional group of carboxylic acids


  double bond between O and C

  OH group

  
• draw the functional group of nitriles


  triple bond between N and C

  
• draw the functional group of amines.


  1 amine group

  
• why shouldn’t aldehydes and ketones be confused with positional isomerism?


  aldehydes and ketones have different functional groups whereas positional isomers have the same functional group in different positions
• why do aldehydes and ketones have different reaction?


  different functional groups
• what is chain isomerism?

  length of C chain changes
• what are isomers?


  molecules that all have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• positional isomerism


  position of functional group changes
• Which of the E/Z isomers are more polar and why?

  Z-isomers because polar bonds in E-isomers cancel out
• what are E/Z isomers also known as?

  Geometric isomers
• origin of E/Z isomers

  1. Restricted rotation around planar C=C
  2. 2 different groups on each C in the double bond
• How are Es different from Zs?

  E-isomers: priorities are on opposite sides

  Z-isomers: priorities are on the same side
• in which homologous series are you most likely to find E/Z isomers and why?

  Alkenes, restricted rotation
• Stereoisomers


  same structural formula, different spatial arrangement