Issues of reliability and validity

• What does reliability refer to in research?

  Consistency of an outcome or result
• How is reliability measured in research?

  By the extent something can be replicated
• What are two issues of reliability mentioned in the text?

  Bias in sampling methods and variability
• What does validity refer to in research?

  Accuracy of a test's results
• What are the two types of validity discussed?

  Internal validity and external validity
• What is internal validity concerned with?

  Measures genuinely testing what they are meant to
• What does external validity ensure?

  Findings are generalizable to the target population
• What can lead to untrue results in sampling methods?

  Sample errors
• What issue can arise in experimental design with repeated measures?

  Order effects or demand characteristics
• Why is it crucial for a test to be valid?

  To ensure accurate results
• What do qualitative methods involve?

  Collecting detailed information through exploratory research
• What is a limitation of qualitative methods regarding reliability?

  They are not easily replicated
• How does qualitative research affect external validity?

  Information is likely restricted to the studied group
• What can small sample sizes in qualitative research lead to?

  Researcher bias and investigator effects
• What method do researchers use to maintain objectivity?

  Triangulation
• What does triangulation involve?

  Using more than one measure for behavior
• What are quantitative methods characterized by?

  Testing a theory before generating results
• How do quantitative methods gather data?

  By gathering facts and measuring behavior
• How do researchers maintain objectivity in quantitative methods?

  By remaining detached from participants
• What are the key issues affecting reliability and validity in research?

  • Bias in sampling methods
  • Variability between groups
  • Sample errors
  • Order effects and demand characteristics
  • Researcher bias and investigator effects
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative methods?

  Qualitative Methods:

  • Strengths: In-depth data, flexibility
  • Weaknesses: Limited reliability, low generalizability

  
  

  Quantitative Methods:

  • Strengths: Objective, generalizable data
  • Weaknesses: Less depth, potential for bias
• What are essential aspects of research mentioned in the text?

  Reliability and validity
• Why must researchers be aware of issues affecting reliability and validity?

  To maintain professional objectivity