Science

• What are the three main states of matter?


  Solid, liquid, and gas
• How does a solid differ from a liquid in terms of shape and volume?


  A solid has a definite shape and volume
• What is a key characteristic of a liquid?


  It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
• What defines a gas in terms of shape and volume?


  A gas has no definite shape or volume
• What determines the states of matter?


  The energy of particles and their arrangement
• What are the three forms water can exist in?


  Ice, water, and steam
• How can you think of states of matter in simpler terms?


  • Solid: Fixed shape, tightly packed particles
  • Liquid: Flows, takes shape of container
  • Gas: Spreads out, particles move freely
• What is the particle arrangement in a solid?


  Particles are tightly packed
• How do particles behave in a liquid?


  Particles can slide past each other
• What is the particle movement like in a gas?


  Particles move randomly and quickly
• Compare the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on their characteristics.


  • Solid: Fixed shape, fixed volume, low compressibility
  • Liquid: Fixed volume, changes shape, very low compressibility
  • Gas: No fixed shape or volume, high compressibility
• What happens to the particle arrangement when a solid melts?


  Particles gain energy and move apart
• What is the process called when a liquid turns into a gas?


  Evaporation
• What is sublimation?


  Solid changes directly to gas
• What occurs during condensation?


  Gas changes to liquid
• What is deposition in terms of state changes?


  Gas changes directly to solid
• What is a key characteristic of plasma?


  It conducts electricity
• Name an example of plasma.


  Lightning
• What are real-life examples of each state of matter?


  • Solid: Ice cubes, rocks, metal
  • Liquid: Water, milk, juice
  • Gas: Air, steam, helium
  • Plasma: Lightning, stars, neon signs
• What is the compressibility of gases compared to solids?


  Gases have high compressibility
• How does the density of solids compare to gases?


  Solids have the highest density
• Which state of matter is most abundant in the universe?

  Plasma
• Chemical Reaction vs. Physical Reaction


  Chemical reactions change the composition of substances, are often irreversible, involve energy release/absorption, and result in the formation of new substances. Physical reactions change the state or arrangement of substances, are often reversible, involve energy transfer, and result in changes in properties/appearance but not formation of new substances.
• Chemical Reaction Examples


  Combustion, neutralization, oxidation reactions
• Physical Reaction Examples


  Melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, phase changes
• Physical Change


  A change in which the state or arrangement of a substance changes, but its composition doesn't change.
• Physical Reaction


  A process in which the state or arrangement of a substance changes, but its composition remains the same.
• Chemical Equation


  A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products.
• Products


  The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Reactants


  The substances that undergo a chemical reaction to form products.
• Chemical Reaction


  A process in which one or more substances are changed into new substances with a different composition.
• Chemical Change


  A change in which one substance is converted into another substance with a different composition.
• What is the direction of diffusion?


  Occurs in all directions
• Is diffusion a random process?


  Yes
• Can diffusion occur across a semi-permeable membrane?


  Yes
• Dilute Solution


  A solution that has a lower concentration of solute particles than another solution of the same solute.
• Concentrated Solution


  A solution that has a higher concentration of solute particles than another solution of the same solute.
• What changes in a concentrated solution?


  Has a lower volume of solvent
• Do both solutions contain the same amount of solute?


  Yes
• Examples of Dilute Solutions


  • Blood • Saline solution • Juice • Cola • Vinegar