violence

• what are the three types of violence in sport 


  on field violence

  spectator violence

  verbal and psychological violence
• what is on field violence 


  player on player

  this include physical aggression exceeding the rules of the game, such as punches, kicks, or tackles with the intent of harm

  example - Zinedine Zidane's headbutt on Marco Materazzi in the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final
• what is spectator violence 


  hooliganism

  often associated with football, this involves aggressive and destructive behaviour by fans, both inside and outside stadiums

  example - the Heysel Stadium disaster (1985), where rioting Liverpool fans caused a stadium wall to collapse, resulting in 39 deaths
• what is verbal and psychological violence 


  this encompasses insults, threats and intimidation, which can have lasting psychological effects on athletes
• what are the 5 causes of violence in sport

  tribalism

  deindividuation

  alcohol and drug use

  frustration and anger

  hyper-masculinity
• what is tribalism 


  strong identification with a team can create an 'us vs them' mentality, leading to aggression towards rival fans or players
• what is deindividuation 


  crowds can provide anonymity, leading individuals to engage in behaviours they wouldn't normally exhibit alone
• what is alcohol and drug use

  substances abuse can lower inhibitions and increase aggression
• what is frustration and anger 


  Losing a match, perceived injustices, or refereeing decisions can trigger violent outbursts
• what is hyper-masculinity 


  some sports foster a culture that glorifies aggression and physical dominance
• what are the implications of violence in sport 


  performers - physical injuries, psychological trauma, and negative impact on career

  spectators - injury, fear, and alienation from sport

  sport in general - damage to reputation, financial losses, and decreased participation rates
• what are the strategies for preventing hooliganism

  stricter security - increased security measure at stadiums, including CCTV body searches, and police presence

  alcohol restrictions - limiting alcohol sales and consumption inside stadiums

  fan education programmes - promoting positive fan behaviour and encouraging respect for others

  travel restrictions - banning known hooligans from attending matches, especially abroad
• what are the strategies for preventing on-field violence

  stricter penalties - implementing harsher sanctions for violent acts, such as red cards, suspicions and fine

  education and awareness - teaching athletes about the consequences of violence and promoting fair play

  conflict resolution training - providing athletes with skills to manage anger and resolve conflicts peacefully
• what are the strategies of preventing general violence 


  promoting positive role models - highlighting athletes who demonstrate sportsmanship and fair play

  media responsibility - avoiding sensationalising violence and promoting positive mediates about sport

  zero tolerance policies - clearly stating that violence will not be tolerated in any form
• what are some examples of violence prevention

  English football - the 'kick it out' campaign raises awareness of discrimination and promoted inclusion in football

  Rugby - 'rugby's code of conduct' emphasis respect, teamwork, and fair play

  Tennis - the 'tennis integrity unit' investigates match-fixing and other forms of corruption