Biodiverse + Nat Res

• What is biodiversity?

  The variety of living organisms
• How is biodiversity currently being threatened?

  By human activity such as deforestation
• What are the two main measures of biodiversity?

  • Species richness
  • Genetic diversity
• What does species richness refer to?

  The number of different species in a habitat
• What is genetic diversity?

  A measure of genetic variation in a species
• How is biodiversity within a species measured?

  By calculating the heterozygosity index
• What is the formula for the heterozygosity index (H)?

  H = number of heterozygotes / number of individuals
• How can biodiversity be compared between different habitats?

  • Using the index of diversity (D)
  • D = Diversity index
  • N = total number of organisms
  • n = total number of organisms of each species
  • Σ = the sum of
• What is endemism?

  A species unique to a geographic location
• What is an ecological niche?

  Its role within the community
• What happens when species share the same niche?

  They compete, and better-adapted species survive
• What is the basis of natural selection?

  Better adapted species survive and reproduce
• What are anatomical adaptations?

  Physical adaptations, either external or internal
• Give an example of a physiological adaptation.

  Regulation of blood flow through the skin
• What is the process of natural selection?

  Fitter individuals survive and pass on alleles
• What is evolution in terms of allele frequency?

  • Change in allele frequency over time
  • Result of natural selection
• What are the steps of evolution via natural selection?

  1. Variety of phenotypes exist due to mutation
  2. Environmental change occurs, altering selection pressure
  3. Some individuals possess advantageous alleles
  4. Advantageous alleles are passed to offspring
  5. Frequency of alleles in population changes over time
• What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equation estimate?

  The frequency of alleles in a population
• What does 'p' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  The frequency of the dominant allele
• What is the equation for a population in genetic equilibrium?

  p + q = 1.0
• What are the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

  No mutations, random mating, large population
• What is speciation?

  Formation of new species due to isolation
• What is the five-kingdom model of classification?

  Animals, plants, fungi, protists, monera
• What is the binomial system of naming species?

  Genus name followed by species name
• What is molecular phylogeny?

  Analysis of molecular differences for evolutionary relationships
• What are the three domains in the Three-Domain model?

  Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
• How does the scientific community evaluate data?

  • Findings published in scientific journals
  • Presented at scientific conferences
  • Evidence studied in peer review
• What type of cells are plant cells?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Provides structure and support
• What is plasmodesmata?

  Extension of cytoplasm between adjacent cells
• What is the role of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What do amyloplasts contain?

  Amylopectin (starch)
• What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Contains cell sap and provides support
• What are the types of saccharides in carbohydrates?

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• How are glycosidic bonds formed?

  In condensation reactions between saccharides
• What is cellulose made of?

  Long chains of beta glucose
• What is the function of xylem vessels?

  Transport water and minerals
• What are phloem vessels made of?

  Tubes made of living cells
• What is translocation in plants?

  Movement of food substances from leaves
• What do cambium cells do?

  Specialize as the plant grows