Run for your Life

• What are tendons?

  Non-elastic tissue connecting muscles to bones
• What is the function of ligaments?

  Join bones together and limit joint movement
• What are joints?

  Areas where two bones are attached for movement
• What are skeletal muscles?

  Muscles attached to bones arranged in pairs
• What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

  Muscle pairs that pull in opposite directions
• How do extensors and flexors function at a joint?

  Extensors straighten, flexors bend the joint
• How do the triceps and biceps work together?

  Triceps relax while biceps contract to lift
• What initiates muscle contraction in the sliding filament theory?

  Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

  
• What happens when calcium binds to troponin?

  It changes shape, exposing myosin binding sites
• What forms when myosin binding sites are exposed?

  An actomyosin bridge is formed
• What is released when myosin head moves forward?

  ADP and Pi are released

  
• What happens when free ATP binds to myosin head?

  Myosin head changes shape and resets
• What does ATPase do in the myosin head?

  Breaks ATP into ADP and Pi

  
• What happens with repeated stimulation of muscles?

  Continued contraction occurs
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Splitting a substrate with oxygen to release energy
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  Energy and carbon dioxide
• What is the first process of respiration?

  Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• What does glycolysis produce from glucose?

  2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
• What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

  It is reduced to lactate with NADH
• What creates an oxygen debt in muscles?

  Oxidation of lactate back to pyruvate
• What is the link reaction in aerobic respiration?

  Pyruvate binds to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

  
• Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• What does citrate produce in the Krebs cycle?

  Carbon dioxide, ATP, NAD, and FAD
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in mitochondria

  
• What role do reduced coenzymes play in oxidative phosphorylation?

  They carry hydrogen ions and electrons
• How do hydrogen ions contribute to ATP production?

  They create a gradient for ATP synthase
• What is the cardiac cycle?

  The sequence of events in heart contraction
• What initiates depolarization in the heart?

  It originates in the Sinoatrial Node
• What prevents depolarization from spreading directly to the ventricles?

  The annulus fibrosus, a non-conductive tissue
• What happens after depolarization spreads through the atria?

  It causes atrial systole
• What is the role of the Atrioventricular Node?

  It stimulates conduction to the ventricles
• What is measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

  The wave of depolarization in the heart
• What is the formula for cardiac output?

  Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• What factors increase heart rate?

  Low pH, muscle stretch, low blood pressure
• How does adrenaline affect heart rate?

  It stimulates the fight or flight response
• Where is the cardiovascular center located?

  In the medulla oblongata
• What do chemoreceptors detect?

  Low pH from high carbon dioxide concentration
• What is the role of stretch receptors during exercise?

  They respond to muscle movement
• How does a decrease in blood pressure affect heart rate?

  It increases heart rate to maintain output
• What happens when impulses reach the cardiac control center?

  They regulate the heart rate