week 1

• eukaryotes are organised and compartmentalised
• what are the parts of the nucleus? (4) - nuclear membrane - nuclear lamina - chromatin (chromoosomes & associated proteins) - nucleolus
• what are the functions of the nucleus? (2) - contains genetic material (DNA) - produces RNA (transcription)
• what are the features of the plasma membrane? - phospholipid bilayer - cholesterol - carbohydrates - proteins - lipid/membrane rafts
• what are the features of the mitochondria? - further compartmentalised - outer membrane - intermembrane space - inner membrane (cristae) - matrix
• what are the 2 functions of the mitochondria? energy production & apoptosis
• what does the mitochondria do in energy production? - ATP production - Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)/ Krebs cycle - Electron transport chain - oxidative phosphorylation
• what does the mitochondria need during the electron transport chain? cytochrome c on inner membrane
• how does the mitochondria initiate apoptosis releases cytochrome c to cytosol
• where are ribosomes made in the nucleolus
• where are ribosomes located? cytoplasm and RER
• what are ribosomes used for protein synthesis
• what is the endoplasmic reticulum? a complex set of membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane
• what happens at the RER? - protein synthesis - protein folding - protein modifications
• what happens at the SER? - (no ribosomes) - lipid synthesis - calcium storage
• what is the golgi apparatus? A stack of flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae) and vesicles
• what happens at the golgi apparatus? Proteins received from the ER are modified and sorted for eventual destination in (or out of ) the cell
• what do lysosomes do? degrade unwanted molecules
• what feature do lysosomes have? approximately 50 degradative enzymes (acid hydrolases)
• what is the optimal pH for lysosomes? 5
• what are peroxisomes? membrane bound organelles that perform a large number of biochemical reactions
• what do peroxisomes contain? Name a specific example oxidative enzymes e.g. catalase
• what do peroxisomes do? - breakdown of fatty acids (b-oxidation) - production of cholesterol and bile
• why is compartmentalisation a good thing? - increased efficiency - protects the cell
• why are organelles further internally organised? to carry out organelle function
• what is histology? the study of the microscopic structure of biological tissues
• what are the three points of cell theory? 1. all living things are composed of one or more cells 2. the cell is the basic unit of life 3. new cells arise from pre-existing cells
• what do prokaryotes not have? a nucleus
• what is the function of the plasma membrane? - physical barrier - regulation - support
• what is a feature of all plasma membranes? they are all selectively permeable
• what do some plasma membranes have? specialisations e.g. cilia
• what does the cytoplasm contain? - cytosol - cytoskeleton - organelles
• what gives the cytoskeleton structure? network protein filaments
• what is tissue? a group of similar cells working together to carry out a common function
• what is an organ made of and what does it do? made up of several tissue types comprised in a morphologically recognisable structure - performs specific set of functions
• what are the four types of tissue? - connective - epithelial - muscle - nervous
• what does connective tissue do? protects and supports e.g. fat, blood, cartilage
• what does epithelial tissue do? covers/lines body surfaces
• what does muscle tissue do? cells contracts to generate force
• what does nervous tissue do? generate electrical signals in response to environment