AFRICA

• What was systematically denied to Africa's black population during colonial times?

  Access to quality schooling and higher education
• What has been a main educational goal of African nations since independence?

  • Provide education for all citizens
• Which region has the highest rates of education exclusion?

  Sub-Saharan Africa
• What percentage of children aged 6 to 11 are out of school in sub-Saharan Africa?


  Over one-fifth
• What percentage of youth aged 15 to 17 are not in school according to UIS data?


  Almost 60%
• How many new universities did the Nigerian government found in the mid-1970s?


  Seven new universities
• What happened in East Africa during the 1970s and 1980s regarding higher education?


  Many new schools of higher learning were established
• In which countries does the state pay the full cost of university education?

  Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia
• Why have some colleges in Africa asked students to share education costs?

  Due to budget problems
• What were the stages of the slave trade in Africa?

  1. Pre-European Involvement: Slavery existed in various forms.
  2. European Arrival: Traders sought gold, spices, and enslaved people.
  3. Trade Relationships: African leaders exchanged captives for goods.
  4. Captives: Taken during raids or wars, held in coastal forts.
  5. Middle Passage: Horrific conditions during transport across the Atlantic.
• What characterized the Middle Passage for enslaved Africans?

  Horrific conditions with little ventilation or food
• How many Africans were estimated to be forcibly transported across the Atlantic?


  12-15 million
• What was one impact of the slave trade on Africa's population?

  Significant population decline in many regions
• How did the slave trade contribute to political instability in Africa?

  It fueled inter-tribal wars and raids
• What economic consequence did the slave trade have on Africa?

  Hindered development as labor was exported
• How did European goods affect local economies in Africa?

  Altered local economies and power dynamics
• Which dynasty ruled Morocco since the mid-7th century?

  Filali dynasty
• What type of trade did Morocco engage in during the 19th century?

  Extensive trade with European nations
• Which two Spanish cities did Morocco possess?

  Ceuta and Melilla
• Under whose suzerainty was Algeria nominally governed?

  Turkish suzerainty
• What was Algeria known for in the early 19th century?

  Center of Barbary pirates
• Who took Oran from Spain?

  Turks
• Who ruled Tunisia in the early 19th century?

  Beys
• What tribute did Tunisia pay, and to whom?

  Tribute to Sultan (Ottoman)
• When did piracy end in Tunisia?

  1820
• What was the status of Tripolitania (Libya) initially?

  Initially independent
• When did Tripolitania reassert Turkish control?

  1835 after civil war
• What continued in Tripolitania into the early 19th century?

  Piracy
• What was the state of Cyrenaica (Libya) in the early 19th century?

  Independent, in a state of anarchy
• Who led the Senussi religious reform movement in Cyrenaica?

  Mohammed Ben Ali as-Senusi
• Who seized power in Egypt in the early 19th century?

  Mohammed Ali (Albanian)
• Until when did the dynasty established by Mohammed Ali rule Egypt?

  Until late 19th century
• What happened to the Oyo Empire in Nigeria?

  It disintegrated
• Which peoples dominated Nigeria after the Oyo Empire's disintegration?

  Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa peoples
• Who conquered the Hausa states in Nigeria?

  Fulani (ardent Muslims)
• What was established as a religious center in Nigeria?

  Sokoto
• What political rivalry existed in the Ashanti and Dahomey Kingdoms?

  Ashanti engaged in rivalry with British
• What increased British influence in West Africa?

  Coastal areas
• What were Liberia and Sierra Leone known for?

  Ex-slave states on the west coast
• What characterized the competition in Senegambia?


  Long-standing competition between British and French