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Adek vitamins
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Cards (112)
What are the expected outcomes of the unit on vitamins?
Define
,
elaborate
, and compare vitamins
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What are common causes of vitamin deficiency?
Reduced
intake
, impaired
absorption
, and increased
losses
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What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
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Who isolated vitamin A in 1913?
McCollum
,
Simmonds
, and
Kennedy
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What did Richard Kuhn identify in 1938?
Carotenes
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What is the active form of vitamin A found in?
Animal tissues
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What is the pro-vitamin of vitamin A?
Beta-carotene
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What are compounds with vitamin A activity called?
Retinoids
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What are the three compounds with vitamin A activity?
Retinol
,
retinal
, and retinoic acid
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How can retinal be converted to retinol?
By
retinal reductase
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How is vitamin A transported from the liver to tissues?
As trans-retinol by
retinol binding protein
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What is the correlation between vitamin A deficiency and cancer?
Deficiency is linked to
epithelial
cancers
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What effect do carotenoids have on cancer incidence?
They
reduce
the incidence of cancer
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How do beta-carotene supplements affect heart attacks?
They reduce the
incidence
of heart attacks
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What is a deficiency manifestation of vitamin A?
Night blindness
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What is xerophthalmia?
Dryness of the
conjunctiva
and
cornea
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What is Bitot’s Spot?
Dry patches on
conjunctiva
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What is keratomalacia?
Drying and clouding of the
cornea
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What are skin and mucous membrane lesions a sign of?
Vitamin A
deficiency
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What are the causes of vitamin A deficiency?
Decreased intake and
obstructive jaundice
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What is the normal blood level of vitamin A?
25 to 50
microgram
/
dl
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What is the RDA for children regarding vitamin A?
400-600
microg/day
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What is the RDA for men regarding vitamin A?
750-1000
microg/day
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What is the RDA for women regarding vitamin A?
750
microg/day
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What is the RDA for pregnant women regarding vitamin A?
1000
microg/day
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How much is one international unit of retinol?
0.3
mg of retinol
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How much is one retinol equivalent?
1
microgram
of retinol or 6 microgram of
beta carotene
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What are animal sources of vitamin A?
Milk
,
butter
, cream,
cheese
,
egg yolk
,
liver
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What are rich sources of vitamin A?
Fish liver oils
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Which vegetable contains significant beta-carotene?
Carrot
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What are other good sources of vitamin A activity?
Papaya
,
mango
,
pumpkins
,
spinach
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What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?
Anorexia
,
irritability
,
headache
,
vomiting
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What can cause swelling over long bones in hypervitaminosis A?
Bony
exostosis
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What happens to lysosomal enzymes with high retinol concentration?
They increase
, leading to
cellular death
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What is hypercarotenemia?
Yellow skin from
excessive
carotenoid
intake
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What historical accounts mention symptoms of rickets?
Reports as early as
2nd
century
AD
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Who wrote about infantile rickets in 1650?
Francis Glisson
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What is cholecalciferol used for?
To manage
osteoporosis
and
vitamin D
deficiency
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How is vitamin D formed in the skin?
From
7-dehydrocholesterol
by
ultraviolet
radiation
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What does ultraviolet light do to 7-dehydrocholesterol?
It breaks the bond between
positions 9 and 10
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