Adek vitamins

Cards (112)

  • What are the expected outcomes of the unit on vitamins?
    Define, elaborate, and compare vitamins
  • What are common causes of vitamin deficiency?
    Reduced intake, impaired absorption, and increased losses
  • What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
    • Vitamin A
    • Vitamin D
    • Vitamin E
    • Vitamin K
  • Who isolated vitamin A in 1913?
    McCollum, Simmonds, and Kennedy
  • What did Richard Kuhn identify in 1938?
    Carotenes
  • What is the active form of vitamin A found in?
    Animal tissues
  • What is the pro-vitamin of vitamin A?
    Beta-carotene
  • What are compounds with vitamin A activity called?
    Retinoids
  • What are the three compounds with vitamin A activity?
    Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
  • How can retinal be converted to retinol?
    By retinal reductase
  • How is vitamin A transported from the liver to tissues?
    As trans-retinol by retinol binding protein
  • What is the correlation between vitamin A deficiency and cancer?
    Deficiency is linked to epithelial cancers
  • What effect do carotenoids have on cancer incidence?
    They reduce the incidence of cancer
  • How do beta-carotene supplements affect heart attacks?
    They reduce the incidence of heart attacks
  • What is a deficiency manifestation of vitamin A?
    Night blindness
  • What is xerophthalmia?
    Dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea
  • What is Bitot’s Spot?
    Dry patches on conjunctiva
  • What is keratomalacia?
    Drying and clouding of the cornea
  • What are skin and mucous membrane lesions a sign of?
    Vitamin A deficiency
  • What are the causes of vitamin A deficiency?
    Decreased intake and obstructive jaundice
  • What is the normal blood level of vitamin A?
    25 to 50 microgram/dl
  • What is the RDA for children regarding vitamin A?
    400-600 microg/day
  • What is the RDA for men regarding vitamin A?
    750-1000 microg/day
  • What is the RDA for women regarding vitamin A?
    750 microg/day
  • What is the RDA for pregnant women regarding vitamin A?
    1000 microg/day
  • How much is one international unit of retinol?
    0.3 mg of retinol
  • How much is one retinol equivalent?
    1 microgram of retinol or 6 microgram of beta carotene
  • What are animal sources of vitamin A?
    Milk, butter, cream, cheese, egg yolk, liver
  • What are rich sources of vitamin A?
    Fish liver oils
  • Which vegetable contains significant beta-carotene?
    Carrot
  • What are other good sources of vitamin A activity?
    Papaya, mango, pumpkins, spinach
  • What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?
    Anorexia, irritability, headache, vomiting
  • What can cause swelling over long bones in hypervitaminosis A?
    Bony exostosis
  • What happens to lysosomal enzymes with high retinol concentration?
    They increase, leading to cellular death
  • What is hypercarotenemia?
    Yellow skin from excessive carotenoid intake
  • What historical accounts mention symptoms of rickets?
    Reports as early as 2nd century AD
  • Who wrote about infantile rickets in 1650?
    Francis Glisson
  • What is cholecalciferol used for?
    To manage osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency
  • How is vitamin D formed in the skin?
    From 7-dehydrocholesterol by ultraviolet radiation
  • What does ultraviolet light do to 7-dehydrocholesterol?
    It breaks the bond between positions 9 and 10