UNIT 1

• What is the mnemonic for anterior pituitary hormones?

  FLAT PEG
• What does Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulate?

  Gamete production
• What is the role of Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

  Triggers ovulation/testosterone production
• What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

  Adrenal cortex to release cortisol
• What is the function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

  Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4
• What does Prolactin (PRL) promote?

  Milk production
• What is the function of Endorphins?

  Provide pain relief
• What does Growth hormone (GH) stimulate?

  Growth and metabolism
• What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

  Oxytocin and ADH
• What is the role of Oxytocin?

  Labor contractions and milk ejection
• What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate?

  Water reabsorption in kidneys
• What do T3 and T4 hormones regulate?

  Metabolism
• What does Calcitonin do?

  Lowers blood calcium levels
• What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

  Increases blood calcium levels
• What do Mineralocorticoids regulate?

  Sodium and potassium levels
• What is the role of Glucocorticoids?

  Stress response and glucose metabolism
• What do Androgens serve as precursors for?

  Sex hormones
• What is the function of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?

  Fight or flight response
• What does Melatonin regulate?

  Sleep-wake cycles
• What do Alpha Cells in the pancreas release?

  Glucagon
• What is the function of Glucagon?

  Increases blood glucose levels
• What do Beta Cells in the pancreas release?

  Insulin
• What is the function of Insulin?

  Decreases blood glucose levels
• What hormone does the heart release?

  Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
• What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

  Reduces blood pressure
• What hormone do the kidneys release?

  Erythropoietin (EPO)
• What is the function of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

  Stimulates red blood cell production
• What enzyme do the kidneys release?

  Renin
• What is the role of Renin?

  Regulates blood pressure
• What hormone does adipose tissue release?

  Leptin
• What is the function of Leptin?

  Regulates energy balance
• How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Releases releasing/inhibiting hormones via hypophyseal portal system
  • Examples: TRH, CRH, GHRH
• What is the pathway of hormones from the hypothalamus to the thyroid gland?

  1. Hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. TRH stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. TSH stimulates Thyroid to release T3 and T4
  4. Effect: Raises metabolic rate and inhibits further release of TSH and TRH (negative feedback)
• How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?

  • Via neuronal communication
  • Stores/releases ADH and oxytocin produced in hypothalamus
• How can you distinguish between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland under a microscope?

  • Anterior Pituitary: Densely packed glandular tissue
  • Posterior Pituitary: Neural tissue with fewer, scattered nuclei
• What are the primary functions of blood?

  • Transport: Nutrients, oxygen, hormones
  • Regulation: Temperature, pH, water content
  • Protection: White blood cells, platelets
• What are the components of blood?

  • Plasma (liquid portion): water, proteins, lipids, salts
  • Cellular components: RBCs - transports gasses, WBCs - fights infections
  • platelets: involved in helping blood clot

  
• What is the structure of red blood cells (RBCs)?

  Biconcave discs without a nucleus
• What is the function of hemoglobin in RBCs?

  Binds to oxygen and carries it
• How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin carry?

  Up to four oxygen molecules