Religion

• What title was awarded to Henry VIII by the Pope?

  Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith)
• What significant action did Henry VIII take by 1539?

  He broke away from the Roman Catholic Church
• How does the 'Break with Rome' differ from the Reformation?

  It removed the Pope's power, not Catholicism
• What were the main causes of the Break with Rome?

  • Political reasons (Henry's desire for a male heir)
  • Religious reasons (Henry's conscience and church state)
  • Economic reasons (need for increased revenue)
• Who assisted Henry VIII in the Break with Rome?

  Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer
• Why did Henry VIII want to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

  He wanted a male heir and was infatuated with Anne Boleyn
• What was the significance of the Collectana Satis Copiosa?

  It supported Henry's claim to imperial authority
• What biblical verse did Henry VIII cite regarding his marriage?

  Leviticus 20 v21
• What was the public perception of the Church before the Break with Rome?

  There was widespread hostility towards churchmen
• What key events occurred during the Reformation Parliament?

  • 1529: 3 Anti-Clerical Acts
  • 1530: Church charged with praemunire
  • 1532: Act in Restraint of Annates
  • 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals
  • 1534: Act of Supremacy
  • 1536: Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries
• What was the purpose of the Act in Restraint of Annates?

  To stop payments to the Pope from bishops
• How did Henry VIII threaten the clergy in 1531?

  He threatened to use the statute of Praemunire
• What was the outcome of the Submission of the Clergy?

  Clergy could only meet at the king's command
• What was the main reason for the dissolution of the monasteries?

  To acquire their wealth for the crown
• What were the economic consequences of the Dissolution of the Monasteries?

  • Generated over a million pounds for the crown
  • Established the Court of Augmentations
  • Reduced the need for taxation
• How did the dissolution of monasteries affect land ownership?

  Increased estates available for purchase
• What was the public's reaction to the dissolution of the monasteries?

  Most accepted the system without strong views
• What were the reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?

  • Economic: Wealth acquisition for the crown
  • Political: Allegiance to the Pope was unacceptable
  • Religious: Corruption and waste of resources
• What was the role of Thomas Cromwell in the dissolution?

  He organized the dissolution for financial gain
• What was the Treason Act used for during Henry VIII's reign?

  To execute opponents without lengthy trials
• Who were some notable opponents of Henry VIII's changes?

  John Fisher and Sir Thomas More
• How did the dissolution of the monasteries impact the monarchy's finances?

  It provided significant short-term financial success
• How much income did the monasteries provide the crown in ten years?

  Over a million pounds
• What was the primary source of income for the crown from monasteries?

  Monastic estates
• Why did Cromwell's intention for monasteries as a permanent income source remain debatable?

  Due to royal expenditure and wars
• By 1547, how much land had passed out of Crown lands?

  Just under half
• What was one fortunate consequence of the dissolution of monasteries?

  The country was saved taxation
• What were the social and political changes resulting from the sale of monastic land?

  • Increased number of estates available for purchase
  • Many landless individuals acquired land
  • Rise in the number of country gentlemen
  • Contributed to England becoming a parliamentary monarchy
• By 1603, how much monastic land remained?

  Virtually none
• Who primarily bought the monastic estates?

  Merchants and younger sons of landowners
• How did the enlargement of the landowning class affect England's political structure?

  It contributed to a parliamentary monarchy
• What were the key aspects of cultural changes during the dissolution of monasteries?

  • Abbey churches became cathedrals
  • New cathedral grammar schools established
  • Educational investments made
• How many monks and nuns were affected by the dissolution?

  Around 9000
• What happened to many monks after the dissolution?

  They were absorbed into the secular clergy
• What was the average pension for monks after the dissolution?

  £5 a year
• How were nuns treated compared to monks after the dissolution?

  Nuns received lower pensions and remained bound
• What was the impact on the poor after the dissolution?

  Loss of traditional sources of help
• What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

  A series of localised rebellions
• What was the purpose of the Ten Articles of 1536?

  To address various religious opinions
• How did the wording of the Ten Articles reflect Lutheran influence?

  It was based on the Wittenberg Articles