cultural variations L7

• Who conducted a meta-analysis of attachment studies in 1988?

  Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg
• What was the main focus of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?

  Attachment behavior across different cultures
• How many studies were included in the meta-analysis by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg?

  32 studies
• What did Tronick et al. (1992) study about the Efe tribe?

  Childrearing practices in extended families
• What was a notable practice among Efe infants regarding breastfeeding?

  Breastfed by different women
• What was the primary attachment behavior observed in Efe infants at 6 months?

  One primary attachment to their mother
• What did Grossman and Grossman (1991) find about German infants?

  Higher levels of insecure attachment
• How does German culture influence infant attachment behavior?

  Encourages interpersonal distance from parents
• What did Takahashi (1998) find about Japanese infants' attachment rates?

  Similar rates of secure attachment
• What was unique about Japanese infants' insecure attachment types?

  No evidence of insecure-resistant attachment
• What is the most common attachment classification in every country studied?

  Secure attachment
• What attachment type was most common in Israel and Japan?

  Insecure-resistant attachment
• What did Bowlby claim about attachment similarities across cultures?

  Variation within cultures is greater than between cultures
• What conclusion did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg reach about cultural similarities in attachment?

  Influenced by mass media and parenting styles
• What does the research suggest about the idea of secure attachment being 'best'?

  It may not apply universally across cultures
• What issue did the research highlight regarding 'country' and 'culture'?

  They are not the same thing
• What did the study find about attachment types in urban versus rural samples in Japan?

  Urban samples showed similar types to Western studies
• What does the research imply about variations in attachment within cultures?

  There is more variation within cultures than between