respiratory

• What are the main components of the anatomy of the respiratory system?

  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• What does tidal volume refer to?

  The normal volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath
• How does tidal volume change with exercise?

  Tidal volume increases due to exercise
• What is vital capacity?

  The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
• Does vital capacity change during exercise?

  Vital capacity doesn't change during exercise
• What is residual volume?

  The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
• How does residual volume vary during rest and exercise?

  Residual volume remains constant during rest and exercise
• What are the key components of the chemical aspect of breathing control?

  • Chemoreceptors detect pH level change due to increased CO₂ concentration
  • They send a message to the medulla
  • Medulla sends message via SNS to increase breathing rate
• What are the anatomical components of the lungs?

  • Lobes
  • Visceral membrane (inner, covers the lung)
  • Parietal membrane (outer, between lung and ribs)
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles
• What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have on breathing rate?

  Sympathetic nervous system increases breathing rate, PNS decreases it
• What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

  • Inhalation and exhalation of air to and from the lungs
  • Gas exchange between the alveoli and blood capillaries
  • Regulation of blood pH and CO₂ levels
• What occurs during inhalation?

  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Thoracic cavity opens
  • Air is drawn into the lungs
  • External intercostals lift ribs up during exercise
• What occurs during exhalation?

  • Diaphragm relaxes and recoils upwards
  • Thoracic cavity reduces in volume
  • Air is pushed out of the lungs
  • Passive at rest (muscles relax)
  • Active during exercise: internal intercostals squeeze ribs inwards
• What are the key aspects of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

  • Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ in capillaries
  • Semi-permeable walls allow for gas exchange
  • O₂ concentration increases, while CO₂ concentration decreases
  • Alveoli facilitate diffusion of O₂ into haemoglobin and CO₂ out of blood plasma
  • Breath in: O₂ 21%, breathe out: O₂ 16%
  • Breath in: CO₂ 0.04%, breathe out: CO₂ 4%
• What is the structure and function of alveoli?

  Alveoli are air sacs with semi-permeable walls one cell thick to facilitate gas exchange
• How does the respiratory system respond to exercise?

  Rest:

  • Respiratory rate: 14/min
  • Volume per breath: 400 ml
  • Volume per minute: 5.6 litres

  
  

  Exercise:

  • Respiratory rate: 32/min
  • Volume per breath: 2400 ml
  • Volume per minute: 76.8 litres

  
  

  Increase in respiratory rate and volume per breath leads to a significant rise in the volume of air moved per minute during exercise