Week - 19

• What is obesity defined as?

  Excessive accumulation of fat affecting health
• What is the acceptable body fat percentage for men?

  15-20%
• What is the acceptable body fat percentage for women?

  24-30%
• What nutrients are stored as fat?

  Protein, fats, and carbohydrates
• How can one maintain body weight?

  Energy burn equals nutrients eaten
• What happens to body weight after fat accumulation?

  Fat is localized in the stomach
• What are some genetic conditions that cause obesity?

  • Prader-Willi Syndrome
  • Cushing's Syndrome
• What are the main causes of obesity?

  • Lack of physical activity
  • Poor diet
  • Convenience food
  • Cheap food high in fat and sugar
  • Cues
  • Increase in portion sizes
  • Medical reasons (e.g., hypothyroidism)
• What is the formula to calculate BMI?

  BMI = weight (Kg) / height (Cm²)
• What does a high BMI not necessarily indicate?

  High body fat; could be high muscle mass
• What BMI range indicates underweight?

  Less than 18.5
• What BMI range indicates healthy weight?

  18.5 - 24.9
• What BMI range indicates overweight?

  25 - 29.9
• Why are patients with central body fat distribution at high risk?

  Higher risk of CVD and insulin resistance
• How much is spent on obesity-related conditions?

  1. 5 billion
• What is Orlistat used for?

  • Prevents 1/3 of fat absorption
  • Used with a low-calorie diet
• What is the BMI threshold for Orlistat use?

  BMI > 28
• What are some community weight management services?


  • Weight Watchers
  • Slimming World
  • Lipotrim
• What are the aims of the NHS service for obesity?

  • Support weight loss
  • Improve public health
• What is involved in the first consultation for obesity management?

  • Check suitability
  • Explain program
  • Assess willingness to change
  • Collect patient details
  • Measure height, weight, and waist
  • explain the benefits an risks
  • current lifestyle
  • lifestyle changes for 6 months
  • weight watchers , slimming work
• What is discussed in follow-up consultations?

  • Patient's experience and progress
  • Obstacles and solutions
  • New goals
• What is the focus of the final consultation?

  • Measure end results
  • Reflect on success
  • Discuss future goals
• What data should be obtained during the obesity service?

  Weight, age, gender, ethnicity
• What should be done if a patient does not want to use the service?

  • Recommend use weight watchers Provide information on healthy eating
  • Local physical activity opportunities
  • Goal setting
• What is the theory behind Slimming World?

  • Consume fewer calories than used
  • Eat low-calorie, high-nutrient foods
  • attend weekly meeting and have a weight in
• What does Lipotrim provide?

  Nutrient complete Total Food Replacement
• What happens to the body when not dieting?

  Uses sugar for energy, then fat
• What are ketones and when are they produced?

  Produced when fat is burned for energy
• How does obesity affect drug dosing?

  • Impacts metabolism and absorption
  • Requires understanding of drug diffusion
• What are some comorbidity complications of obesity?

  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
• How does obesity affect the immune system?

  • Fat cells secrete leptin
  • Decreases macrophage and T-cell activity
• What is the eligibility for a free NHS flu vaccine?

  BMI ≥ 40
• What are the two types of diabetes?

  • Type 1: Insufficient insulin
  • Type 2: Insulin resistance
• What is the main treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

  Insulin and diet
• What is the main treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

  Diet, exercise, and insulin
• What are symptoms of diabetes?

  Hyperglycaemia, glucosuria, polyuria
• What can lead to weight gain in diabetes?

  Excessive hunger and glucose in urine
• What is hypoglycaemia?

  Blood glucose drops to $4 \text{mmol/L}$
• What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

  • Sweating
  • Shakiness
  • Nausea
  • Confusion
• What can cause hypoglycaemia?

  Missed meals or too much insulin