Modern

• What was a major breakthrough in identifying the causes of disease?

  The Germ Theory
• Why couldn't the Germ Theory explain every disease?

  Bacteria couldn't explain all diseases
• What other factors were found to impact health besides bacteria?

  Viruses, genetics, and lifestyle
• Who investigated mosaic disease in tobacco plants?

  Dmitri Ivanovsky
• What did Ivanovsky discover about the cause of mosaic disease?

  It was caused by an extremely small microbe
• Who labeled the microbes discovered by Ivanovsky as viruses?

  Martinus Beijerinck
• How are viruses treated differently than bacteria?

  Viruses aren't destroyed by antibiotics
• What do antiviral drugs do?

  They prevent viral infections from growing
• What are genes?

  Chemical instructions for human characteristics
• What is the structure of DNA?

  A double helix that can reproduce
• Who first described the structure of DNA?

  Francis Crick and James Watson
• What diseases are caused by genetic conditions?

  Cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, sickle-cell anaemia
• How has knowledge of genetic conditions improved treatment?

  Scientists can produce synthetic proteins
• What lifestyle factors can increase disease risk?

  Diet, exercise, smoking, and alcohol
• What disease is caused by smoking?

  Lung cancer
• How does obesity affect health?

  Increases chance of heart disease or diabetes
• What disease is caused by excessive alcohol consumption?

  Liver disease
• What can overexposure to ultraviolet radiation cause?

  Skin cancer
• How have advances in science and technology changed our understanding of disease causes?

  There are multiple causes of disease now known
• What do blood tests help diagnose?

  Cholesterol levels, genetic conditions, cancers
• What was the first use of blood tests?

  Testing blood groups before transfusions
• What do medical scans allow doctors to do?

  See more of the body in detail
• Who discovered X-rays?

  Wilhelm Röntgen
• What do ultrasound scans use to create images?

  High frequency sound waves
• When were CT scans invented?

  1972
• What do MRI scans use to construct images?

  Powerful radio waves and magnetic fields
• How have medical scans improved treatment?

  Enabled earlier intervention before disease advances
• What device was invented to monitor blood pressure?

  Blood pressure monitors
• What do blood sugar monitors help manage?

  Blood sugar levels in diabetes
• Who discovered that bacteria cause disease?

  Louis Pasteur
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Who discovered penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• What did Fleming observe about the mold on his culture dishes?


  It stopped staphylococci from growing
• What was the trade name of the first magic bullet discovered by Ehrlich?

  Salvarsan
• What did Gerhard Domagk discover about prontosil?

  It stopped streptococcus from multiplying
• What are the side effects of sulphonamide drugs?

  They can damage the liver and kidneys
• What was the first successful cancer treatment that didn't involve surgery?

  Radiotherapy
• What is chemotherapy?

  Treatment of cancer using drugs
• What is targeted therapy in cancer treatment?

  Drugs prevent cancer from spreading
• When did Fleming publish his findings of penicillin 


  1929 and 1931