salts, acids, bases, alkalis

• What does a salt contain?

  Cation and anion
• In what order do cations and anions appear in a salt?

  Positive comes first, then negative
• What does soluble mean?

  Dissolve in water
• What does insoluble mean?

  Do not dissolve in water
• Are all nitrates soluble?

  Yes, all nitrates are soluble
• Which ions are soluble?

  Sodium, potassium, and ammonium
• Are most chlorides soluble?

  Yes, most chlorides are soluble
• Are some sulphates soluble?

  Yes, some sulphates are soluble
• Are a few carbonates and hydroxides soluble?

  Yes, a few are soluble
• What is neutralisation?

  When an acid and base react together
• What do positive hydrogen ions react with in neutralisation?

  Negative hydroxide ions
• What is the result of the reaction between metal oxide and acid?

  Salt and water
• What is produced when metal reacts with acid?

  Salt and hydrogen
• What do metal hydroxide and acid produce?

  Salt and water
• What is the result of the reaction between metal carbonate and acid?

  Salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• What are the steps of the neutralisation process?

  1. Get dilute acid and heat it.
  2. Slowly add copper oxide until it stops dissolving.
  3. Ensure the base is in excess and acid is neutralised.
  4. Filter the substance.
  5. The remaining will be the dissolved soluble salt.
  6. Heat the solution in a water bath to evaporate water.
  7. Stop heating when crystals form.
  8. Filter again and dry the crystals.
• What does pH measure?

  How acidic or alkaline a solution is
• What is the pH range for most acidic solutions?

  1
• What is the pH range for most alkaline solutions?

  14
• What is the pH of a neutral solution?

  7
• What color indicates an acidic solution using a universal indicator?

  Deep red
• What color indicates an alkaline solution using a universal indicator?

  Purple
• What is an acid?

  Any substance with a pH less than 7
• What makes a substance acidic?

  Hydrogen ions
• What is a base?

  Any substance with a pH greater than 7
• What are alkalis?

  Bases that dissolve in water
• What do alkalis form when dissolved in water?

  Hydroxide ions
• What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction?

  Acid + base -> salt + water