Biology organisation

• What do red blood cells do?

  Carry blood to lungs and cells
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  Fight infections by pathogens
• What does plasma do?

  Carries blood cells and platelets
• What are platelets made from?

  Broken down parts of cells
• What is the equation for the reaction between haemoglobin and oxygen?

  Hb + O2 <=> HbO2 (aq)
• What is the role of blood vessels?

  Deliver oxygen and remove waste products
• What do arteries do?

  Carry blood from the heart
• What is the function of veins?

  Carry blood towards the heart
• What are capillaries?

  Smallest blood vessels connecting veins and arteries
• What are the main functions of the heart?

  1. Pumps blood to the body
  2. Helps fight infections
  3. Maintains body temperature
  4. Sends oxygen to every cell
  5. Carries nutrients to needed areas
• What is the role of the pacemaker in the heart?

  Produces electrical impulses for heart contractions
• Where are pacemaker cells located?

  Upper wall of right atrium
• What is the function of pacemaker cells?

  Produce cardiac action potentials
• How are lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

  • Large surface area due to alveoli
  • Thin walls (1 cell thick)
  • Moist walls for easier gas diffusion
• How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

  Large surface area for more diffusion
• What do root hair cells do?

  Absorb minerals by osmosis
• How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

  Increase surface area for absorption
• What is the function of xylem?

  Transports water from roots to leaves
• How are xylem cells adapted to their function?

  Have thick walls for support
• What does phloem transport?

  Dissolved sugars in water
• How are phloem cells adapted to their function?

  Cells joined end to end by sieve plates
• What is transpiration in plants?

  Water and minerals are absorbed from soil
• What are the components of the structure involved in transpiration?

  Stomata made from dead cells joined end to end
• What strengthens the structure involved in transpiration?

  It is strengthened with lignin
• What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  • Light intensity
  • Humidity
  • Temperature
  • Air movement
• How does light intensity affect transpiration rates?

  Higher light intensity usually increases transpiration
• What happens to transpiration rates as humidity increases?

  Transpiration rates decrease as humidity increases
• How does temperature affect transpiration?

  Higher temperatures increase transpiration rates
• What is the effect of air movement on transpiration rates?

  Increased air movement leads to higher transpiration rates
• What is translocation in plants?

  Transport of materials like sugars and amino acids
• What materials are transported during translocation?

  Sugars dissolved in water and amino acids
• How are food substances transported within a plant?

  They are transported dissolved in water
• What do heart valves function like?

  Special doors for blood flow
• How do heart valves ensure proper blood flow?

  They open to allow blood through and close to prevent backflow
• What do coronary arteries deliver to the heart muscle?

  Oxygen
• What is the role of coronary arteries?

  They provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
• How do coronary arteries function in relation to the heart?

  They act as a highway around the heart
• What are the five uses of the heart?

  1. Sends oxygen to every cell
  2. Ensures the body runs smoothly
  3. Provides nutrients where needed
  4. Helps fight infections
  5. Moves blood around the body
• How many chambers does the heart have?

  Four chambers
• What are the four chambers of the heart?

  1. Left atrium
  2. Right atrium
  3. Left ventricle
  4. Right ventricle