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    Cards (129)

    • What is the basic unit of life?
      Cells
    • What can we see with a normal light microscope?
      Cells and possibly the nucleus
    • What does an electron microscope allow us to see?
      Finer details of organelles
    • What is the relationship between magnification and actual size of a cell?
      Magnification = image size / object size
    • How do you calculate the actual size of a cell?
      Divide image size by magnification
    • What are the two main groups of cells?
      • Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus (e.g., plant and animal cells)
      • Prokaryotic cells: lack a nucleus (e.g., bacteria)
    • What is the function of the cell membrane?
      It keeps everything inside the cell
    • What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?
      It allows certain substances to pass through
    • What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides structure?
      An extra cell wall made of cellulose
    • What is cytoplasm?
      The liquid that makes up the cell
    • Where does respiration take place in a cell?
      In the mitochondria
    • What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
      Where proteins are assembled
    • What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?
      Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
    • What is a permanent vacuole in plant cells used for?
      Storing sap
    • How do bacteria multiply?
      By binary fission
    • If you start with one bacterium, how many would you have after one hour?
      64 bacteria
    • What is the formula for calculating the number of bacteria after a certain time?
      2 to the power of time intervals
    • What is the purpose of aseptic technique in culturing bacteria?
      To prevent contamination
    • How do you incubate a bacterial culture?
      At 25°C
    • What is the purpose of using sterilized equipment in bacterial culture?
      To avoid contamination
    • What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?
      A=A =πd24 \pi \frac{d^2}{4}
    • What do eukaryotic cell nuclei contain?
      DNA stored in chromosomes
    • How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
      23 pairs
    • What are diploid cells?
      Cells with two sets of chromosomes
    • What are haploid cells?
      Cells with one set of chromosomes
    • What process do new cells undergo for growth and repair?
      Mitosis
    • What are the steps of mitosis?
      1. Genetic material is duplicated
      2. Ribosomes and mitochondria double
      3. Nucleus breaks down
      4. Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
      5. New nuclei form
      6. Two identical cells are produced
    • What are stem cells?
      Cells that haven't specialized yet
    • Where are stem cells found in humans?
      In bone marrow and embryos
    • What can stem cells be used for?
      To combat conditions like diabetes
    • What is cloning in plants used for?
      To prevent species extinction
    • What is diffusion?
      Movement from high to low concentration
    • What is osmosis?
      Diffusion of water across a membrane
    • How does osmosis affect a cell in a high glucose concentration?
      Water moves out, decreasing mass
    • What factors can increase the rate of diffusion and osmosis?
      Concentration difference, temperature, surface area
    • What is the practical procedure for osmosis using potatoes?
      1. Cut equal size cylinders from potatoes
      2. Weigh them and place in sugar solutions
      3. After a day, weigh again
      4. Calculate percentage change in mass
      5. Plot percentages against sugar concentration
      6. Determine concentration with no mass change
    • What is active transport?
      Movement against a concentration gradient using energy
    • How do carrier proteins function in active transport?
      They use energy to move substances
    • How do mineral ions enter plant root hair cells?
      Through active transport
    • Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
      In chlorophyll and chloroplasts
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