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Cards (129)
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells
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What can we see with a normal light microscope?
Cells
and possibly the
nucleus
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What does an electron microscope allow us to see?
Finer details of
organelles
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What is the relationship between magnification and actual size of a cell?
Magnification =
image size
/
object size
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How do you calculate the actual size of a cell?
Divide
image size
by
magnification
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What are the two main groups of cells?
Eukaryotic cells
: have a
nucleus
(e.g., plant and animal cells)
Prokaryotic cells
: lack a nucleus (e.g.,
bacteria
)
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
It keeps everything
inside
the cell
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What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?
It allows certain substances to pass through
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What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides structure?
An extra cell wall made of
cellulose
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What is cytoplasm?
The liquid that makes up the
cell
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Where does respiration take place in a cell?
In the
mitochondria
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What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
Where
proteins
are assembled
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What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?
Contain
chlorophyll
for
photosynthesis
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What is a permanent vacuole in plant cells used for?
Storing
sap
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How do bacteria multiply?
By binary fission
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If you start with one bacterium, how many would you have after one hour?
64 bacteria
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What is the formula for calculating the number of bacteria after a certain time?
2 to the power of time intervals
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What is the purpose of aseptic technique in culturing bacteria?
To prevent
contamination
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How do you incubate a bacterial culture?
At 25°C
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What is the purpose of using sterilized equipment in bacterial culture?
To avoid
contamination
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What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?
A
=
A =
A
=
π
d
2
4
\pi \frac{d^2}{4}
π
4
d
2
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What do eukaryotic cell nuclei contain?
DNA stored in chromosomes
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs
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What are diploid cells?
Cells with two sets of
chromosomes
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What are haploid cells?
Cells with one set of
chromosomes
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What process do new cells undergo for growth and repair?
Mitosis
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What are the steps of mitosis?
Genetic material
is duplicated
Ribosomes and
mitochondria
double
Nucleus breaks down
Chromosomes
pulled to
opposite
sides
New nuclei form
Two
identical
cells are produced
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What are stem cells?
Cells that haven't
specialized
yet
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Where are stem cells found in humans?
In
bone marrow
and
embryos
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What can stem cells be used for?
To combat conditions like
diabetes
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What is cloning in plants used for?
To prevent
species
extinction
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What is diffusion?
Movement from high to low
concentration
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What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a
membrane
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How does osmosis affect a cell in a high glucose concentration?
Water moves out, decreasing
mass
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What factors can increase the rate of diffusion and osmosis?
Concentration difference
,
temperature
, surface area
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What is the practical procedure for osmosis using potatoes?
Cut equal size cylinders from potatoes
Weigh them and place in
sugar solutions
After a day, weigh again
Calculate percentage change in mass
Plot percentages against sugar
concentration
Determine concentration with no mass change
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What is active transport?
Movement against a
concentration gradient
using energy
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How do carrier proteins function in active transport?
They use energy to move
substances
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How do mineral ions enter plant root hair cells?
Through
active transport
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Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
In
chlorophyll
and
chloroplasts
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See all 129 cards
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