4/12/24

• What was the national population of Britain in 1750?

  7 million
• What was the national population of Britain in 1850?

  21 million
• Why was Britain nicknamed 'the workshop of the world'?

  Because of the many factories producing goods.
• What was the impact of urbanization on life expectancy in cities like London?

  It had a deadly and dangerous impact on average life expectancy.
• What does the term 'industrial revolution' specifically refer to?

  A change in a society's economy and methods of production.
• What was a major health issue caused by industrialization?

  Lung disease due to poor working conditions.
• What respiratory condition was prevalent among workers during the Industrial Revolution?

  Asthma caused by industrial pollution.
• How many miles of railways were developed by 1860?

  10,000 miles
• How did industrialization change the structure of society?

  It shifted from agrarian to industrial economies.
• What was the impact of industrialization on the workforce?

  It led to the development of a large working class.
• What was the prevailing medical theory at the start of the period c1700-c1900?

  The theory of the four Humours was no longer widely believed.
• What treatments were still common during the period c1700-c1900?

  Bleeding and purging were still common treatments.
• Who primarily carried out most treatments in the home during this period?

  Most treatment was carried out by women in the home.
• What diseases were common by the end of the 18th century?

  Smallpox and other diseases were common.
• What major medical discovery had transformed the landscape by 1900?

  Germs had been discovered.
• What significant medical advancement did Edward Jenner develop?

  He developed the first vaccination for smallpox.
• When did the British government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?

  In 1852.
• How did Florence Nightingale contribute to hospitals?

  She helped develop hospitals into clean, modern institutions.
• What advancements made surgery less dangerous by 1900?

  Developments in anaesthetics and antiseptics.
• What was Louis Pasteur's profession?

  He was a chemist, not a doctor.
• What theory did Louis Pasteur create?

  He created the germ theory.
• When did Pasteur write about germ theory for the first time?

  In 1861.
• Why did it take so long for germ theory to be accepted?

  Attitudes and beliefs were still catching up.
• What was the prevailing belief about illness in the 19th century?

  Bad air was considered the best theory.
• What tragic event influenced Pasteur's interest in germ theory?

  His daughters died, which motivated his research.
• What did early versions of germ theory suggest about decaying matter?

  Decaying matter itself turns into living organisms.
• Who opposed Louis Pasteur's germ theory?

  Robert Koch opposed his theory.
• What was the significance of the year 1861 in relation to germ theory from a general stand point?

  It marked a turning point in understanding germ theory.
• How did attitudes towards germ theory evolve in the 19th century?

  They evolved slowly as people were still attached to older beliefs.
• What was the timeline of medical advancements from 1700 to 1900?

  It included the decline of the four Humours, discovery of germs, and development of vaccinations.
• What role did apothecaries play in the 18th century?

  They sold herbal remedies and provided treatments.
• How did epidemic diseases impact public health during this period?

  Epidemic diseases like the plague seemed to have disappeared, but smallpox remained common.
• What was the significance of vaccination in public health policy?

  Vaccination became compulsory in 1852, improving public health.
• What contributions did Florence Nightingale make to nursing and hospital care?

  She transformed hospitals into clean, modern institutions.
• How did societal attitudes affect the acceptance of scientific theories like germ theory?

  Societal attitudes were slow to change, delaying acceptance of germ theory.
• What did Pasteur discover about microorganisms in the air?

  They caused wine to go bad.
• How are microorganisms distributed in the air according to Pasteur's findings?

  They are evenly distributed in the air And came from a source of bacteria that caused disease
• What is one of the basic principles of Germ theory?

  Microbes can be killed by heating them.
• What did Pasteur refer to as "germs"?

  Living microorganisms that could germinate.
• What happens to wine quality after time according to Pasteur?

  It can become sour.