Rationalisation

• What is the mass movement of people from the villages to the towns and cities called?

  Urbanisation
• Name three negative aspects of the early Industrial Revolution in Britain.

  • Low wages
  • Poor health
  • Loss of rights
  • Lack of public provision
  • Long hours
  • Poor working/living conditions
• Which class of citizen emerged during the Industrialisation period in Britain?

  Middle class
• What does the term "popular recreation" classify?

  Sport and leisure activities common among people of Britain before the Industrial Revolution.
• With what year is the Industrial Revolution accredited to have started in Britain?

  1760
• What does the term "urbanisation" encompass?

  The mass movement of people to towns and cities.
• How did improved transport affect the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

  It enabled movement of teams and spectators, improved access to different areas of the country, made travel cheaper, and enhanced access to the countryside.
• How did improved levels of literacy contribute positively to the development of rational recreation during the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

  Improved literacy enhanced educational provision, communication literature, and the recognition of sporting heroes, ultimately promoting rational recreation.
• What role did the Church play in promoting rational recreation during the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

  • Social control through civilised activities
  • Increasing church numbers
  • Formation of church groups like YMCA, Scouts, Boys Brigade
  • Providing facilities such as church halls and playing fields
  • Setting up teams like Aston Villa from Villa Cross Methodist Church
• What is the main learning objective of the study material?

  To understand changes in women's sporting participation
• How did lawn tennis contribute to women's emancipation in the late 19th century?

  It allowed women to engage in energetic activities
• What social class accepted lawn tennis as a sport for women?

  Middle classes
• What was a significant aspect of lawn tennis regarding family participation?

  Whole families played together
• What stereotypes did lawn tennis help to remove for women?

  It challenged myths about women's capabilities
• What opportunity did lawn tennis provide for women in terms of clubs?

  Women were able to join clubs
• Where did girls play lawn tennis during the late 19th century?

  In girls' schools
• What was a notable feature of women's attire while playing lawn tennis?

  Women played fully clothed
• Where did women typically play lawn tennis?

  In privacy or walled gardens
• How was lawn tennis perceived in terms of social events?

  It was seen as a social occasion
• What was the significance of the Amateur Athletics Club established in 1866?

  It excluded working classes from athletics
• What did the Amateur Athletics Association do in 1880?

  Withdrew the amateur clause
• When were women first allowed to compete in the Olympics?

  1928
• What was the limitation for women in the Olympics until 1960?

  No races above 400m were allowed
• When was the first women's Olympic marathon held?

  1984
• When was the first women's Olympic triple jump event?

  1996
• When was the first women's hammer throw event in the Olympics?

  2000
• What stereotype affected women's participation in athletics?

  Perceived as 'unladylike' and inappropriate
• What was the impact of Title IX in 1972?

  Prohibited gender discrimination in schools
• What was a significant outcome of the 2012 Olympics for women?

  Women competed in every sport
• What is a current limitation for women's athletics in terms of media coverage?

  Less than 10% media coverage
• What are some reasons for restricted opportunities for female elite performers?

  Stereotypical images of femininity persist
• What health concerns are associated with women's participation in sports?

  Physical ability and health concerns exist
• What is emphasized over competitive sports for women?

  Cosmetic fitness is emphasized
• What barriers do women face in joining sports clubs?

  Discrimination and membership restrictions exist
• How does funding affect women's sports opportunities?

  Less funding leads to lower progression
• What cultural factors can restrict women's participation in sports?

  Religious and cultural restrictions exist
• What is a limitation of legislation regarding women's sports opportunities?

  Limited legislation ensures unequal opportunities
• What type of organizations dominate the sports field?

  Male-dominated organizations exist
• How did industrialization impact the transformation of athletics?

  It led to organized and formal athletic events
• What effect did urbanization have on athletic events?

  Replaced rural fairs with urban competitions