WK10

• What is the main focus of the first video clip mentioned?

  Attention
• Why do we need attention in processing our environment?

  To filter out irrelevant information
• What phenomenon demonstrates that people often fail to notice changes?

  Change Blindness
• What is the purpose of the Change Blindness Demo?

  To see how many changes can be found
• What makes detecting changes easier in Video Clip 2b?

  Absence of flicker
• Who conducted the first studies on Selective Attention?

  Cherry
• What is the 'Cocktail Party Problem'?

  Following one conversation among many
• What is the Dichotic Listening Task?

  Two messages played through headphones
• What was the content of the attended message in Cherry's study?

  “Budapest seems like a wonderful place…”
• What is shadowing in the context of attention studies?

  Verbally repeating a message heard
• What does the term 'poor information processing' refer to in the context of unattended messages?

  Not detecting the unattended message
• What did Broadbent propose about attention in his 1958 theory?

  There is a bottleneck in attention
• What technique did Broadbent use to study attention?

  Split-Span Technique
• In Broadbent's Split-Span Technique, how were the number pairs presented?

  As three pairs of numbers
• What does Broadbent's Filter Theory suggest about stimuli processing?

  Only one input passes through the filter
• What is the role of the Sensory Buffer in Broadbent's theory?

  Holds all stimuli before filtering
• What did Moray's 1959 study reveal about unattended messages?

  Participants could not recognize repeated words
• What was a key finding from Moray's study regarding names in unattended messages?

  Participants recognized their names
• What did Corteen & Wood's study involve?

  Conditioning city names with electric shocks
• What physiological response was measured in Corteen & Wood's study?

  Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
• What did Von Wright, Anderson, and Stenman (1975) find in their study?

  GSR was detected on some trials
• What does Gray and Wedderburn's study illustrate about attention?

  It shows how attention can be selective
• What was the example used in Gray and Wedderburn's study?

  Mice 4 cheese
• What was the percentage of Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) elicited in the study?

  38%
• What does Broadbent’s Filter Theory (1958) propose about sensory processing?

  It involves a sensory buffer and filter.
• What is the main function of the Limited Capacity Processor (LCP) in Broadbent’s theory?

  To process selected information.
• What did Von Wright, Anderson, and Stenman (1975) find regarding GSR?

  GSR was detected only some of the time.
• How did Gray and Wedderburn (1960) demonstrate message grouping by meaning?

  Participants grouped messages by meaning, not by ear.
• What did Underwood (1974) suggest about practice effects in attention?

  More practice allows better information pickup.
• What was the detection rate of digits for naïve participants in Underwood's study?

  8%
• What is a limitation of Broadbent’s Filter Theory?

  It cannot account for practice effects.
• What does Deutsch & Deutsch's Late Selection Theory (1963) propose?

  All stimuli are analyzed fully before selection.
• What is a problem associated with Late Selection Theory?

  It seems effortful to attend to all messages.
• What did Moray (1959) find regarding memory of repeated words?

  No memory for repeated words.
• What is Treisman’s Attenuation Theory (1964) about?

  Unattended information is attenuated, not blocked.
• In Treisman (1960), what happened when participants shadowed messages?

  They shadowed some words from the other message.
• How did Treisman (1964) demonstrate the effect of dissimilar messages on shadowing?

  The more dissimilar, the better the shadowing.
• What does Treisman’s hierarchical processing model suggest?

  Unattended stimuli are analyzed hierarchically.
• What did Johnston and Heinz (1978) propose about selection in attention?

  Selection can occur at multiple processing stages.
• How does perceptual load affect attention according to Lavie (1995)?

  Selection depends on the difficulty of the task.