gender bias

• What does the term bias suggest in psychology?

  Views are distorted in some way
• How does gender bias affect treatment of males and females?

  It leads to differential treatment based on stereotypes
• What did Freud mean by 'anatomy is destiny'?

  Genuine psychological differences exist due to physiology
• What is 'penis envy' according to Freud?

  Young girls suffer from a desire for male anatomy
• What is the challenge in distinguishing gender differences?

  Real differences vs. culturally created differences
• How many real gender differences did Maccoby and Jacklin identify?

  Four differences
• What is one difference between boys and girls identified by Maccoby and Jacklin?

  Girls have greater verbal ability
• What is another difference identified by Maccoby and Jacklin?

  Boys have greater visual and spatial abilities
• At what stage does the difference in arithmetical ability appear?

  At adolescence
• How do girls compare to boys in terms of aggression?

  Girls are less aggressive than boys
• What does androcentrism mean?

  Being centered on or dominated by males
• What are the two types of gender bias proposed by Hare-Mustin and Marecek?

  Alpha bias and beta bias
• What does alpha bias exaggerate?

  Differences between males and females
• How did Freud's psychoanalytic approach illustrate alpha bias?

  It claimed girls develop weaker superegos
• What criticism is directed at the evolutionary approach in psychology?

  It justifies outdated gender differences
• What does beta bias traditionally do regarding sex differences?

  Ignores or minimizes sex differences
• Whose stage theory of moral development was based on boys?

  Kohlberg's stage theory
• What did Carol Gilligan find about women's moral decision-making?

  Women focus more on relationships
• What did Rosenthal's research reveal about male experimenters?

  They were more pleasant to female participants
• What did Taylor et al. (2000) find about the stress response in females?

  Females produce a tend-and-befriend response
• What is the consequence of beta bias in psychological research?

  It creates a male or androcentric bias
• What did Asch's conformity studies involve?

  All male participants
• What recent evidence challenges Darwin's theory of sexual selection?

  DNA evidence shows women can be competitive
• How do some psychologists attempt to reduce gender bias?

  By emphasizing the value of women
• What did Cornwell et al. (2013) note about females?

  They are better at learning due to attentiveness
• What does feminist psychology aim to do?

  Restore imbalance in psychological theories
• What did Eagly (1978) claim about female leaders?

  Females are less effective leaders than males
• What research criteria did Worrell (1992) suggest for non-gender biased research?

  Study diverse samples and collaborate with participants
• What change has occurred in psychology regarding gender bias?

  Research methodology and theories have evolved
• What did Carol Gilligan propose about moral understanding?

  Men and women have different moral reasoning
• How can gender bias affect males?

  Alpha bias can heighten the value of women
• Why might women be more likely diagnosed with depression?

  Diagnostic systems may be biased towards women
• What masculine trait may affect male depression diagnosis?

  The expectation to 'pull themselves together'