GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Growth


  height and weight
• Development


  cognitive, moral, maturity
• ISSUES:

  1. Stressors

  2. Safety

  3. Physical activity/ health issues

  4. Interpersonal relationships

  5. Nutrition

  6. Environmental safety
• Growth and development are continuous process from conception to death
• • Growth and development proceed in an orderly sequence (head to toe)
  • Children pass through the predictable stages at different rates
  • All body systems do not develop at the same time
• • Development is cephalocaudal
  • Development proceeds from proximal to distal body parts
  • Development proceeds from gross to refined skills
  • There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences of learning
• • Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development
  • A great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice
• What does growth refer to in the context of development?

  Height and weight
• What does development encompass in the context of growth?

  Cognitive, moral, maturity
• What are some issues that may affect growth and development?

  Stressors, safety, health issues
• What are the main theories of growth and development?

  • Continuous process from conception to death
  • Orderly sequence (head to toe)
  • Predictable stages at different rates
  • All body systems develop at different times
  • Cephalocaudal development
  • Proximal to distal development
  • Gross to refined skills development
  • Optimum time for learning experiences
  • Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development
  • Skills and behavior learned by practice
• What are the basic divisions of childhood stages and their age periods?

  • Neonate: First 28 days
  • Infant: 1 month to 1 year
  • Toddler: 1 to 3 years
  • Preschooler: 3 to 5 years
  • School age: 6 to 12 years
  • Adolescent: 13 to 21 years
  • Young adult: 21 to 30 years
  • Middle age: 30 to 50 years
  • Late adulthood: 60 onward
• What is the psychosocial conflict during infancy according to Erikson?

  Trust vs mistrust
• What stage of development does Freud associate with infancy?

  Oral stage
• What cognitive stage does Piaget associate with infancy?

  Sensorimotor
• How many hours a day does a neonate typically sleep?

  20 hours
• What developmental milestone occurs at 6 months for infants?

  Birth weight may double
• What is a common behavior for infants aged 6-9 months?

  Everything goes in the mouth
• What is the typical weight change for infants by 12 months?

  Birth weight triples
• What is the dominant type of play for toddlers?

  Parallel play
• What is a major milestone for toddlers during the anal stage according to Freud?

  Toilet training
• What is a common fear for preschoolers?

  Fear of abandonment
• What type of play is common among preschoolers?

  Associative play
• What is the psychosocial conflict during school age according to Erikson?

  Industry vs inferiority
• What is a common fear for school-aged children?

  Fear of death of loved ones
• What is the psychosocial conflict during adolescence according to Erikson?

  Identity vs role confusion
• What is a significant behavioral issue during adolescence?

  Depression and suicide
• What is the psychosocial conflict during young adulthood according to Erikson?

  Intimacy vs isolation
• What is a common concern during middle adulthood?

  Considering retirement
• What is a significant change during late adulthood?

  Coming to terms with death
• What are the milestones in motor development for infants?

  • 5-6 months: Complete roll over
  • 7-8 months: Sits without support
  • 9-10 months: Pincer grasp
  • 11-12 months: Stands without support
  • 15-18 months: Walks alone, climbs stairs
  • 2 years: Runs without falling
  • 2 ½ years: Walks up and down stairs
  • 3 years: Rides a tricycle, copies circle
• What are the development landmarks for infants?

  • First social smile: 2 months
  • First word: 9-10 months
  • First teeth: 6 months
  • First dental check-up: 2-3 years
• What are common causes of accidents for infants?

  Aspirations
• What are common causes of accidents for toddlers?

  Falls
• What are common causes of accidents for preschoolers?

  Drowning, falls
• What are common causes of accidents for school-aged children?

  Drowning, falls
• What are common causes of accidents for adolescents?

  Accidents, suicide
• Who are significant persons in the lives of children at different stages?

  • Infants: Mother
  • Toddlers: Parents
  • Preschoolers: Parents and siblings
  • School-aged: Teachers, classmates, neighbors
  • Adolescents: Peers
• What are common fears at different developmental stages?

  • Infants: Strangers
  • Toddlers: Separation
  • Preschoolers: Body mutilation
  • School-aged: Lack of belongingness
  • Adolescents: Loss of control and independence
• What types of play are common at different developmental stages?

  • Infants: Solitary play
  • Toddlers: Parallel play
  • Preschoolers: Cooperative play
  • School-aged: Competitive play