approaches

• What do the different approaches in psychology aim to explain?

  • Behavior from various perspectives
  • No single approach is definitive
  • Some approaches have more supporting evidence
• What is the first learning approach mentioned?

  Learning approach - behaviorism
• What is the second learning approach mentioned?

  Learning approach - social learning theory
• What is the third approach in psychology listed?

  Cognitive approach
• What is the fourth approach in psychology listed?

  Biological approach
• What is the fifth approach in psychology listed?

  Psychodynamic approach
• What is the sixth approach in psychology listed?

  Humanistic approach
• What did Descartes suggest about the mind and brain?

  They are independent from each other
• How did Descartes define science?

  As the study of measurable quantities
• What are the should-know topics regarding psychology's emergence as a science?

  • Structuralism and introspection
  • Wundt's scientific work
  • Research supporting operant conditioning

  
• When did Wundt open the first psychology lab?

  In 1879
• Who is known as the father of psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What method did Wundt use to study the human mind?

  Introspection

  
• What is introspection?

  Examining one's own mental processes
• How did participants engage in Wundt's experiment?

  Reported thoughts after hearing a metronome
• What was the purpose of Wundt's experiment with the metronome?

  • To study conscious thoughts
  • To examine feelings and sensations
• What does objectivity in science refer to?

  Beyond opinions, supported by evidence
• What are the characteristics of science?

  Measurement, correlation, causation, reliability
• What does psychology depend on in experiments?

  Psychology experiments
• What is a paradigm in science?

  A change in basic concepts or thinking
• How are paradigms in science similar to approaches in psychology?

  Both represent different ways of thinking
• What is a theory in psychology?

  A proposed explanation for causes of behavior
• How is theory construction important in science?

  It occurs through gathering evidence via observation
• What does falsifiability mean in scientific terms?

  It must be possible to prove it false
• What is replicability in research?

  Study should produce same results if repeated
• Why is it essential for psychologists to verify their work?

  To confirm the findings produced are accurate
• What does objectivity mean in research?

  Not affected by personal feelings or experiences
• What is subjectivity in research?

  Based on emotions and personal feelings
• Who is considered the father of psychology?

  Wundt
• Where was the first psychology laboratory established?

  Germany
• What is introspection in psychology?

  Examination of conscious experience through self-observation
• What did participants do during introspection?

  Report emotions or sensations from stimuli
• What is a limitation of Wundt's approach?

  It can be criticized by reductionists
• What does reductionism mean in psychology?

  Looking at only some level of explanation
• What is the basic assumption of behaviorism?

  Only observable behavior should be studied
• How do basic processes of learning occur according to behaviorism?

  Through environment via classical or operant conditioning
• Who is associated with operant conditioning?

  Skinner
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through consequences of behavior
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Giving a reward for a behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Avoiding something unpleasant by changing behavior