controlling blood glucose

Cards (32)

  • What do alpha and beta cells contain to manufacture protein hormones?
    Many ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • What is the role of Golgi apparatus in alpha and beta cells?
    Packaging hormones into vesicles
  • How are hormones secreted from alpha and beta cells?
    Via exocytosis from secretory vesicles
  • Why do alpha and beta cells contain many mitochondria?
    For ATP production due to high activity
  • What is the normal blood glucose concentration range?
    About 90 mg per 100 cm³ of blood
  • What happens if blood glucose concentration is too high?
    It is excreted in urine
  • What actions occur when blood glucose concentration rises after a meal?
    Beta cells detect rise and secrete insulin
  • What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?
    Inhibits alpha cells and promotes glucose uptake
  • What happens when insulin binds to target cells?
    Vesicles with glucose transport proteins fuse
  • What do target cells do with glucose after uptake?
    Convert it to glycogen or fats
  • What occurs when blood glucose concentration is too low?
    Alpha cells secrete glucagon
  • What does glucagon stimulate in hepatocytes?
    Conversion of glycogen into glucose
  • How does glucose enter the blood from hepatocytes?
    By diffusing out of hepatocytes
  • What do cells use for respiration when glucose is low?
    Fatty acids and amino acids
  • What are cells specialized for detection of stimuli called?
    Receptors
  • What do receptors do?
    Convert one form of energy into another
  • What are Pacinian corpuscles?
    Pressure receptors found in the skin
  • What energy conversion occurs in Pacinian corpuscles?
    Mechanical energy into electrical energy
  • How does the deformation of the plasma membrane affect Pacinian corpuscles?
    Increases permeability to sodium ions
  • How do action potentials convey information about stimulus strength?
    Through frequency of action potentials
  • What are hormones?
    Signalling molecules secreted by glands
  • How do hormones affect target cells?
    Only affect cells with complementary receptors
  • What is an exocrine gland?
    A gland that secretes substances into ducts
  • Where are adrenal glands located?
    Above the kidneys
  • What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
    Adrenaline in response to stress
  • What is the role of the adrenal cortex?
    Produces mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
  • What does aldosterone control in the body?
    Concentration of sodium and potassium ions
  • What do glucocorticoids like cortisol do?
    Stimulate an increase in blood glucose concentration
  • What are the two functions of the pancreas?
    Endocrine and exocrine functions
  • What is the endocrine function of the Islets of Langerhans?
    Secreting insulin and glucagon into blood
  • What digestive enzymes does the pancreas secrete?
    Amylase, trypsin, and lipase
  • How does the pancreas deliver digestive enzymes?
    Via the pancreatic tract to the duodenum