paper 1 geography

• What is the main focus of paper one in the physical geography exam?

  Natural hazards, living world, physical landscapes
• Which environments should you choose in the living world section?

  Cold environments, not deserts
• What sections should you answer in the physical landscape section?

  Coasts and rivers, not glacial landscapes
• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process causing harm to humans
• How can natural hazards be categorized?

  By tectonic, geological, and atmospheric types
• Give an example of a tectonic hazard.

  Earthquakes
• What is the outer layer of the Earth called?

  The crust
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  5 to 10 kilometers
• What is the mantle's thickness?

  About 2,900 kilometers thick
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from radioactive decay in the core
• What happens to magma as it heats up?

  It becomes less dense and rises
• What are the three types of plate boundaries?

  Destructive, constructive, conservative
• What occurs at a destructive plate margin?

  The crust is destroyed and subducted
• What is formed at a constructive plate margin?

  New crust from rising magma
• What happens at a conservative plate margin?

  Plates slide past each other
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus
• What are seismic waves?

  Energy radiating outwards from the focus
• How can we manage earthquake risks?

  By building earthquake-resistant structures
• What is one method to predict earthquakes?

  Using seismometers
• What is the case study for the LIC earthquake?

  The Gawker earthquake in Nepal
• What magnitude was the Gawker earthquake?

  1. 8 magnitude
• What secondary impact occurred due to the Gawker earthquake?

  A landslide
• What is the case study for the HIC earthquake?

  The Tohoku earthquake in Japan
• What magnitude was the Tohoku earthquake?

  1. 0 magnitude
• What was a significant response to the Tohoku earthquake?

  Rebuilding roads within six days
• What is a primary effect of an earthquake?

  Immediate damage from the quake
• What is a lahar?

  A fast-flowing mudflow from a volcano
• What is pyroclastic flow?

  Superheated gas and volcanic matter
• Why might people continue to live in hazardous areas?

  Benefits for farming and tourism
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells
• What happens at low pressure systems?

  Hot air rises, causing stormy weather
• What is the slogan to remember about wind direction?

  Winds blow from high to low
• What are tropical storms called in different regions?

  Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones
• What is the significance of understanding global atmospheric circulation?

  It helps explain weather patterns globally
• What happens at the equator due to the sun's heating?

  Warm air rises, spreads, cools, and sinks
• What weather is associated with low pressure systems?

  Stormy and cloudy weather
• What weather is associated with high pressure systems?

  Clear and calm weather
• From where do winds blow?

  From high pressure to low pressure
• What are the different names for tropical storms based on location?

  Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones