Respiratory

• What are the two main conditions included in COPD?

  Bronchitis and emphysema
• What percentage of the population is affected by COPD?

  2%
• What is the definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)?

  Includes bronchitis and emphysema
• How many deaths are attributed to COPD annually?

  30,000 deaths
• What is the primary risk factor for COPD?

  Smoking (90%)
• What are some other risk factors for COPD?

  Fumes, dust, genetics
• What is a symptom of bronchitis referred to as 'blue bloater'?

  Chronic, productive cough
• What are the symptoms of emphysema known as 'pink puffer'?

  Dyspnoea and minimal cough
• What is a common sign of chronic hypoxia in COPD patients?

  Cyanosis
• What investigations are used to assess COPD?

  Age, risk factors, symptoms
• What does FBC stand for in COPD investigations?

  Full Blood Count
• What does a CXR show in COPD patients?

  Flattened diaphragm and hyperinflated chest
• What is the management for acute exacerbation of COPD?

  Bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics
• What is the gold standard for managing chronic exacerbation of COPD?

  Rehabilitation and medication adjustment
• What is bronchiectasis?

  Permanently dilated airways
• What is the epidemiology of bronchiectasis in older adults?

  1% of over 70 year olds
• What is a common cause of bronchiectasis?

  H influenza
• What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

  Persistent cough and hemoptysis
• What is the gold standard investigation for bronchiectasis?

  High resolution CT
• What is the management for bronchiectasis?

  Patient education and chest physiotherapy
• What is cystic fibrosis?

  Autosomal recessive respiratory disease
• What is the epidemiology of cystic fibrosis?

  1 in 2500 births
• What is a common symptom of cystic fibrosis in neonates?

  Failure to thrive
• What is the sweat test used for in cystic fibrosis?

  To measure chloride levels
• What is the definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)?

  Upper airway collapse during sleep
• What are common symptoms of OSA?

  Excessive daytime sleepiness and snoring
• What is the gold standard investigation for diagnosing OSA?

  Sleep study
• What is the primary management for OSA?

  CPAP therapy
• What is pulmonary fibrosis?

  Chronic lung tissue scarring
• What is the epidemiology of pulmonary fibrosis?

  1,500 - 3,000 cases per year
• What is the gold standard investigation for pulmonary fibrosis?

  High Resolution CT
• What is the management for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

  Antifibrotics and palliative care
• What is sarcoidosis?

  Formation of non-caseating granulomata
• What are common symptoms of sarcoidosis?

  Fever and joint pain
• What is the definition of pulmonary hypertension?

  High pressure in pulmonary circulation
• What is the gold standard investigation for pulmonary hypertension?

  Right heart catheterisation
• What is the definition of lung cancer?

  Growth of abnormal cells in lungs
• What is the annual incidence of lung cancer?

  48,000 diagnosed per year
• What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

  Smoking (70%)
• What is the prognosis for lung cancer survivors?

  16.2% survive for 5 years or more