Geography population

• What are the characteristics of Stage 1 in the Demographic Transition Model?

  High birth and death rates, low population
• Why is the total population low in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

  High birth rates balance high death rates
• What happens to the death rate in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

  The death rate falls rapidly
• Why do birth rates remain high in Stage 2?

  High infant mortality leads to more births
• What role do children play in families during Stage 2?

  Children work on family farms for survival
• What cultural factors contribute to high birth rates in Stage 2?

  Tradition dictates families must be large
• What factors lead to a decrease in death rates in Stage 2?

  Improved medical care and sanitation
• What is the trend in birth and death rates during Stage 3?

  Birth rates fall rapidly, death rates fall slowly
• Why do birth rates begin to fall in Stage 3?

  Increased contraception and family planning
• How does employment affect birth rates in Stage 3?

  More jobs reduce the need for children
• What societal changes influence family size in Stage 3?

  Desire for material possessions over large families
• What is the population trend in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

  Both birth and death rates are low
• What is the birth rate in Stage 4?

  15 per 1,000
• What is the death rate in Stage 4?

  12 per 1,000
• What social factors contribute to low birth rates in Stage 4?

  Widespread contraception and desire for smaller families
• What is the trend in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

  Death rate higher than birth rate
• What happens to the total population in Stage 5?

  Population starts to decline
• What demographic issue arises in Stage 5?

  Population is aging with more older people
• When was the one-child policy introduced in China?

  1971
• What was the impact of the one-child policy on population growth?

  Slowed rapid population increase
• What exception was made to the one-child policy in 2013?

  Allowed two children if one parent was only child
• What was the predicted population peak in China due to the one-child policy?

  1. 6 billion
• What consequence did the one-child policy have on pregnancies?

  Forced abortions for second pregnancies
• What was a significant issue caused by the one-child policy?

  Aging population with fewer young people
• What was the reason for introducing China's one-child policy?

  To address overpopulation
• What was the age requirement for parents under the one-child policy?

  25 years for males, 23 for females
• What incentives were provided for families with one child?

  Monthly allowances and free education
• What was the impact of the one-child policy in urban areas?

  Successful due to high child-rearing costs
• Why did the one-child policy fail in rural areas?

  Families wanted more children for labor
• What are the key features of anti-natalist and pro-natalist policies?

  • Anti-natalist policy: Discourages population growth
  • Pro-natalist policy: Encourages population growth
• What are the methods of family planning?

  • Contraception: Prevents pregnancy
  • Sterilisation: Permanent prevention of conception
• What were the pro-natalist policies in Singapore?

  • Enhanced child benefits for qualified parents
  • Increased maternity leave to 12 weeks
  • Government subsidized childcare
  • Government-sponsored dating agencies
• What were the successes and limitations of pro-natalist policies in Singapore?

  Successes:

  • Slight increase in total fertility
  • Reduced proportion of foreign residents

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Attitude changes are difficult
  • Short-lived increases in fertility
  • Viewed as controlling by some
• What were the anti-natalist policies in Singapore?

  • Sterilisation and abortion discouraged
  • Creation of family planning clinics
  • Use of media to promote smaller families
• What were the impacts of the anti-natalist policies in Singapore?

  • Slight increase in total fertility
  • Challenges in changing family size attitudes
• What were the key features of the one-child policy in China?

  • Introduced in 1971, became law in 1982
  • Allowed exceptions for rural families
  • Forced abortions and sterilizations for violations
• What were the consequences of the one-child policy in China?

  • Slowed population growth
  • Created an aging population
  • Led to forced abortions and sterilizations
• What changes occurred to the one-child policy over time?

  • Exceptions allowed in 2013
  • Loosened in 2015 to allow two children
  • Abandoned in 2021 for three children
• What were the demographic trends observed in China due to the one-child policy?

  • Population peaked at 1.6 billion
  • Aging population with fewer young people
• Who was Malthus and when was he born?

  Malthus was an economist born in 1766