What were the four conditions of Godden and Baddeley's1975 study on context-dependent forgetting?
Learned on land - recalled on land
Learned on land - recalled underwater
Learned underwater - recalled onland
Learned underwater - recalled underwater
What was the finding and conclusion of Godden and Baddeley's1975 study on context-dependent forgetting?
When conditions matched, recall was 40% higher than when conditions did not match, which supports Tulving'sESP.
Who investigated state-dependent forgetting?
Carter and Cassaday1998
What were the four conditions of Carter and Cassaday's study into state-dependent forgetting?
Learned on antihistamine - recalled on antihistamine
Learned on antihistamine - recalled without antihistamine
Learned without antihistamine - recalled on antihistamine
Learned without antihistamine - recalled without antihistamine
What were the findings and conclusion of Carter and Cassaday's1998 study into state-dependent forgetting?
Matching states produced significantly higher recall rates compared to non-matching states, supports Tulving's ESP
Who is the key supporting researcher for retrieval failure theory?
Baker et al.2004: studied four states like Carter and Cassaday, but with chewinggum. Found the same results, supporting retrieval failure theory.
What limitation does Baddeley suggest about the application of context-dependent forgetting?
The change of context has to be significant in order to make any observable difference: a simple room change is unlikely to affect results much.
How did Godden and Baddeley's1980 repeat of their original experiment limit its results?
Same experiment but asked recognition questions rather than recall, and recognition was consistent across all conditions: limits application of results as it only applies to certain types of recall.
How does the idea of circular reasoning limit the ESP and retrieval failure theory?
It cannot be reliably tested as it is impossible to prove whether a cue was involved in the encoding of a memory: if a cue is present at recall it can only be assumed that it was present at encoding but cannot be proved.
What are the two types of forgetting based on interference theory?
Proactive interference: old affects new
Retroactive interference: new affects old
Who investigated the effects of memory similarity on recall?
McGeoch and McDonald1931
What were the six lists of words given to participants (other than the original list) in McGeoch and McDonald's1931 study into memory similarity?
What were the findings and conclusion of McGeoch and McDonald's1931 study into memory similarity?
Recall was worst with the synonyms, and improved respectively, suggests interference is most likely to occur when memories are similar.
How does the lab environment support McGeoch and McDonald's1931 study into memory similarity?
Countless lab studies have been done on interference theory, and because lab experiments control extraneous variables, a more trustworthy correlation can be drawn, as well as allowing accurate reproductions of the experiments to be held.
How does the idea of artificial stimuli limit the findings of McGeoch and McDonald1931?
Memorising lists of words is unrealistic in real life, which makes the results hard to generalise.
How does Baddeley and Hitch1977 support interference theory?
Asked rugby players to recall the names of teams they had played against, found that accurate recall was dependent on how many games they had played and not the length of time between games. Being a field experiment, it adds ecologicalvalidity to the theory.