Bioenergetics

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    • What process must a plant carry out to grow and survive?
      Photosynthesis
    • Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant?
      In the leaves, specifically in chloroplasts
    • What pigment in chloroplasts absorbs light?
      Chlorophyll
    • What does chlorophyll absorb from the environment?
      Light energy
    • What are the reactants in the photosynthesis equation?
      Carbon dioxide and water
    • What is produced alongside glucose during photosynthesis?
      Oxygen
    • What does the equation for photosynthesis look like using chemical symbols?
      6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6 O<sub>2</sub>
    • Why is light written above the reaction line in the photosynthesis equation?
      Because the reaction requires light energy
    • What type of reaction is photosynthesis classified as?
      Endothermic reaction
    • How does energy transfer occur in photosynthesis?
      From the environment to chloroplasts by light
    • How does carbon dioxide enter the leaves?
      Through the stomata
    • How is water transported to the leaves?
      By the xylem from the roots
    • What is the main product that plants want from photosynthesis?
      Glucose
    • What is one use of glucose in plants?
      For cellular respiration to release energy
    • How can glucose be thought of in terms of energy?
      As a battery storing energy
    • What are the five main uses of glucose in plants?
      • Cellular respiration for energy
      • Making cellulose for cell walls
      • Making starch for long-term storage
      • Making amino acids with nitrate ions
      • Making oils and fats for energy storage
    • Why is starch preferred for long-term storage in plants?
      It is more compact and insoluble
    • When do plants typically break down starch to glucose?
      When photosynthesis isn't happening much
    • How do plants make amino acids?
      By combining glucose with nitrate ions
    • What is the final use of glucose mentioned for plants?
      Making oils and fats for energy storage
    • What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
      Light intensity, temperature, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, chlorophyll amount
    • What is the relationship between glucose and plant growth rate?
      Growth rate depends on photosynthesis speed
    • What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis?
      Light, carbon dioxide, temperature, chlorophyll
    • How does chlorophyll affect photosynthesis?
      Less chlorophyll means less photosynthesis
    • What can cause variations in chlorophyll levels in plants?
      Disease, environmental stress, lack of nutrients
    • What are the main limiting factors for photosynthesis?
      Light, carbon dioxide, temperature
    • What does a graph with light intensity on the x-axis show?
      Rate of photosynthesis increases with light intensity
    • What happens to the rate of photosynthesis at high light intensity?
      It plateaus due to other limiting factors
    • How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?
      Higher concentration increases the rate until it plateaus
    • What is the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?
      Rate increases then decreases after enzymes denature
    • At what temperature do enzymes involved in photosynthesis fully denature?
      About 45 degrees Celsius
    • What does a graph with two curves represent in photosynthesis experiments?
      Different experiments with varying conditions
    • How can comparing two curves on a graph help identify limiting factors?
      It shows which factor affects the rate more
    • What do farmers do to create optimal conditions for photosynthesis?
      Use greenhouses, artificial light, and CO2
    • Why do farmers use greenhouses?
      To trap heat and increase temperature
    • How do farmers provide artificial light for plants?
      By using lamps to extend photosynthesis time
    • What is the benefit of using fertilizers in farming?
      Ensures plants have essential minerals
    • What must farmers consider when increasing production costs?
      Extra costs versus potential yield increase
    • What are the conditions that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
      • Light intensity
      • Carbon dioxide concentration
      • Temperature
      • Amount of chlorophyll
    • How do farmers use conditions to their advantage for crop growth?
      • Greenhouses to trap heat
      • Artificial lighting for extended growth
      • CO2 enrichment for higher rates
      • Fertilizers for essential nutrients
      • Pesticides to control pests
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