Run for your Life

• What are tendons?

  Non-elastic tissue connecting muscles to bones
• What are ligaments?

  Elastic tissue that joins bones together
• What is the function of ligaments?

  Determines the amount of movement at a joint
• What are joints?

  Areas where two bones are attached
• What tissues make up joints?

  Fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
• What are skeletal muscles?

  Muscles attached to bones
• How are skeletal muscles arranged?

  In antagonistic pairs
• What do antagonistic muscle pairs do?

  Pull in opposite directions during movement
• What happens when the triceps relaxes?

  The biceps contracts to lift the arm
• What is the Sliding Filament Theory of muscle contraction?

  1. Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Calcium binds to troponin, changing its shape
  3. Myosin binding sites exposed, forming actomyosin bridge
  4. ADP + Pi released, myosin head moves forward
  5. Free ATP binds, myosin head returns to original position
  6. ATPase breaks ATP into ADP + Pi
  7. Repeated stimulation causes continued contraction

  
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Splitting a substrate with oxygen to release energy
• What is the waste product of aerobic respiration?

  Carbon dioxide
• What does respiration yield?

  ATP for metabolic reactions
• What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link Reaction
  3. Kreb’s Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

  
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  In the cytoplasm
• What are the products of glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

  
• What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

  It is reduced to lactate
• What creates an oxygen debt?

  Oxidation of lactate back to pyruvate
• How does lactate affect blood pH?

  It decreases blood pH
• What is the link reaction in aerobic respiration?

  Pyruvate binds to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

  
• What does acetyl-CoA donate to the Krebs cycle?

  2 carbons to oxaloacetate

  
• Where do the Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle occur?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in mitochondria

  
• What do reduced coenzymes do in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Carry hydrogen ions and electrons to the chain

  
• What happens during redox reactions in the electron transport chain?

  One carrier is oxidized, another is reduced
• What is the result of hydrogen ions being transported across the membrane?

  High concentration in the intermembrane space
• How do hydrogen ions produce ATP?

  They diffuse back through ATP synthase
• What is produced when hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen?

  Water
• What is myogenic contraction?

  Heart's ability to initiate its own contraction
• Where does depolarization originate in the heart?

  In the Sinoatrial Node
• What happens during atrial systole?

  Depolarization spreads through the atria
• What prevents depolarization from spreading directly to the ventricles?

  The annulus fibrosus non-conductive tissue
• What is the role of the Atrioventricular Node?

  Stimulates conduction to the ventricles
• What occurs between atrial systole and ventricular systole?

  A slight delay in depolarization
• What are Purkyne Fibres responsible for?

  Spreading depolarization through the ventricles
• How can ECG be used in diagnosing heart diseases?

  It measures the wave of depolarization
• What is the formula for cardiac output?

  Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• How can cardiac output be regulated?

  By controlling the heart rate
• What factors increase heart rate?

  Low pH, muscle movement, and adrenaline
• What do chemoreceptors detect?

  Low pH from high carbon dioxide concentration