Radiation

• What is the main focus of Core Practical 4?

  Investigate surface effects on thermal energy
• What equipment is needed for the experiment?

  • At least four beakers
  • Kettle
  • Thermometers (one for each beaker)
  • Different-coloured materials for cladding
  • Lids for each beaker
  • Stopwatch
• What colours should the materials include for the beakers?

  Matt black, white, and silver
• Why should the materials be the same thickness and material?

  To ensure the test is reliable
• What is the purpose of the lid on each beaker?

  To minimize heat loss through the top
• How can you ensure each beaker has the same volume of water?

  Use a measuring cylinder or markings
• What should you record after pouring water into the beakers?

  The initial temperature of each beaker
• Why is it important to acclimatize the thermometers?

  To ensure accurate temperature readings
• How often should you record the temperature of each beaker?

  Every two minutes for 20 minutes
• What does plotting a graph of temperature against time show?

  The rate of cooling for each beaker
• Which beaker is expected to cool the fastest?

  The matte black beaker
• Which beaker is expected to cool the slowest?

  The silver beaker
• What are the safety precautions for this experiment?

  • Be careful when pouring hot water
  • Handle beakers carefully to avoid breakage
• What type of thermometer is recommended for accuracy?

  A digital thermometer
• Why is a digital thermometer preferred?

  It has a smaller resolution for accuracy