2.1 Cell Structure

• What is the structure that surrounds an animal cell?

  Cell membrane
• What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in animal cells?

  Ribosomes
• What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface?

  Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Makes ribosomes
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies and packages proteins
• What is the main function of mitochondria?

  Produces ATP
• What is the structure that contains the genetic material in a cell?

  Nucleus
• What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic do not
• What is the role of the plasma membrane?

  Controls what enters and exits the cell
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
• What is the function of nuclear pores?

  Allows large molecules like mRNA out
• What is chromatin made of?

  Proteins and DNA
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

  Rough ER and Smooth ER
• What is the main function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis
• What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

  Lipids and steroid hormones
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, matrix
• What is the role of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis
• How do Golgi vesicles function?

  Transport final products out of the cell
• What is the function of microvilli?

  Increase surface area for absorption
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Lysozymes for digestion
• What is phagocytosis?

  Process of engulfing invading cells
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
• What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Prevents cell bursting and provides structure
• What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

  Maintains pressure and isolates chemicals
• What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?

  Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
• What is the role of plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Contains genes and can be transferred
• What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

  Stops cell bursting and gives shape
• What is the role of the flagellum in bacteria?

  Locomotion and movement
• What is the function of mesosomes in bacteria?

  Site of metabolic reactions
• What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.5-3.0 µm)
  • Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
• What are the main organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
• What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Modifies proteins and lipids
  • Packages them into vesicles
  • Produces lysosomes
  • Creates glycoproteins
• What are the functions of lysosomes?

  • Digests invading cells
  • Breaks down worn-out cell components
  • Contains lysozymes
• What are the main components of a bacterial cell?

  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
  • Circular DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Ribosomes
  • Flagellum
• What are the roles of the structures found in a bacterial cell?

  • Cell wall: stops bursting, gives shape
  • Capsule: prevents drying, immune recognition
  • Flagellum: movement
  • Plasmid: gene transfer
  • Mesosome: site of reactions
• What are the main differences between plant and fungal cells?

  • Plant cells have cellulose walls
  • Fungal cells have chitin walls
  • Plant cells contain chloroplasts
  • Fungal cells do not contain chloroplasts
• What is the journey of a protein from synthesis to secretion?

  1. Synthesized on ribosomes
  2. Transported to rough ER
  3. Modified in Golgi apparatus
  4. Packaged into vesicles
  5. Secreted via exocytosis