7 and 8

• Are physical changes related to aging considered diseases?

  No, they are not diseases.
• What happens to some systems as we age?

  Some systems slow down or lose fine tuning.
• How can lifestyle changes influence aging?

  By affecting smoking, exercise, diet, and alcohol use.
• How noticeable are the changes associated with aging?

  They tend to be slight and often barely noticed.
• What steps can be taken to help prevent illness in aging individuals?

  Use drugs to maximize quality of life.
• How can age influence drug effects and side effects?

  Age can alter drug effects and side effects.
• What chronic conditions were studied in the US population from 2002-2012?

  Cancer and heart disease.
• What cosmetic changes occur in the skin as we age?

  Skin wrinkles, sags, and thins.
• What happens to collagen and elastin production with aging?

  Less collagen is produced and elastin wears out.
• How does the function of sebaceous and sweat glands change with age?

  They decrease, contributing to dry skin.
• What is the effect of smaller fat cells on the skin?

  Wrinkles become more noticeable and skin can sag.
• How does Botox work after injection?

  It binds to nerve cell surfaces and internalizes.
• What is a common condition affecting hair in aging individuals?

  Pattern baldness.
• What is the effect of Minoxidil on vascular smooth muscle cells?

  It hyperpolarizes the membrane, reducing constriction sensitivity.
• Is Minoxidil a first-line drug for hypertension?

  No, it is not a first-line drug.
• What is a side effect of Minoxidil?

  Hypertrichosis, which can be undesirable.
• How can age-related changes be differentiated from lifestyle-related changes?

  By assessing normal wear and tear versus cardiovascular disease.
• What anatomical changes occur in the heart muscle with aging?

  Thickening of the left ventricular wall occurs.
• How does aging affect the heart's efficiency?

  The heart becomes less efficient with age.
• What happens to oxygen supply to the body as the heart ages?

  Oxygen supply to the body is reduced.
• How does cardiac responsiveness change with age during exercise?

  Cardiac responsiveness rate decreases with age.
• What changes occur in heart valves with aging?

  Valves thicken and lose flexibility.
• What can valve calcification lead to?

  It can lead to heart murmurs.
• What happens to the number of pacemaker cells with aging?

  The number of pacemaker cells decreases.
• What can fibrous tissue infiltration of the conductive system lead to?

  It can lead to conduction abnormalities like arrhythmias.
• What may irritability of the myocardium result in?

  It may result in extra systoles and arrhythmias.
• What is excitation-contraction coupling in the heart?

  It is the process that makes the heart contract.
• How does calcium affect heart contraction in the elderly?

  Calcium entry and contraction rate may lower.
• What are the symptoms of heart failure?

  Fatigue, cyanosis, and peripheral edema.
• What is the goal of heart failure treatment?

  To make the heart work harder or unload it.
• What causes edema in heart failure patients?

  Fluid transport imbalance determined by Starling's Forces.
• What is hydrostatic pressure's role in fluid transport?

  It forces fluid out at the arteriolar end.
• What happens when there is an imbalance in hydrostatic and osmotic pressure?

  It leads to net outward filtration and edema.
• How do pulmonary hydrostatic pressures compare to systemic pressures?

  They are much lower than systemic pressures.
• What prevents pulmonary edema?

  Lower pulmonary hydrostatic pressures compared to systemic pressures.
• What do nitrates do in heart failure treatment?

  They release nitric oxide, dilating veins.
• What is the effect of positive inotropic agents?

  They increase calcium in cardiac muscle cells.
• What do ACE inhibitors do?

  They inhibit an enzyme to lower blood pressure.
• How does systolic blood pressure change with aging?

  Systolic blood pressure may rise disproportionately higher.
• What is isolated systolic hypertension?

  It is common in patients over 50.