Procedural Programming

• Procedural Programming 

  • Procedural programming follows a step-by-step approach to breaking down tasks into routines and subroutines 
  • It emphasises modular design, where code is grouped into functions and procedures for reuse and clarity 
  • Variables hold state and control structures that determine the flow of execution in the program 
• Variables 

  • Storing data values that can change 

  x = 10 print(x) # Output: 10
• Constants 

  • Storing values that remain unchanged 

  PI = 3.1415 print(PI) # Output: 3.1415 
• Selection 

  • Decision-making constructs 

  x = 7 if x > 5: print("Greater") # Output: Greater else: print("Smaller") 
• Iteration 

  • Using loops to repeat actions 

  for i in range(3): print(i) # Output: 0, 1, 2 
• Sequence 

  • Executing statements sequentially 

  x = 5 y = x + 10 print(y) # Output: 15 
• Subroutines 

  • Organising code into reusable parts 

  def greet(name): return "Hello, " + name  greeting = greet("Alice") print(greeting) # Output: Hello, Alice 
• String Handling 

  • Operations on character strings 

  name = "Alice" upper_name = name.upper() print(upper_name) # Output: ALICE 
• File Handling 

  • Reading from and writing to files 

  with open('file.txt', 'w') as file: file.write("Hello, World!")  with open('file.txt', 'r') as file: content = file.read() print(content) # Output: Hello, World!
• Boolean Operators 

  • Logical operations 

  x = 7 y = 5 is_valid = x > 5 and y < 10 print(is_valid) # Output: True 
• Arithmetic Operators 

  • Basic mathematical operations 

  x = 5 y = 3 sum_value = x + y product = x * y print(sum_value, product) # Output: 8, 15