joints

• What is the main purpose of arteriovenous anastomoses in joints?

  To regulate blood flow to the articular cartilage

  
• How does the distribution of blood vessels contribute to the regulation of synovial fluid?

  By allowing adjustment of blood flow, impacting synovial fluid production and absorption

  
• What is the role of the synovial membrane in joint lubrication?

  • Secretes synovial fluid
  • Facilitates movement by reducing friction

  
• What are the components of a joint's capsule?

  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner synovial membrane

  
• How does the capillary network within a joint contribute to its overall function?

  • Provides oxygen and nutrients to the joint tissues
  • Removes waste products
  • Plays a role in synovial fluid regulation

  
• What is the function of the articular cartilage in joints?

  • Cushions joint surfaces
  • Facilitates smooth movement

  
• What is the primary function of the elbow joint?

  • Allows for flexion and extension of the forearm
  • Permits pronation and supination movements

  
• What are the vertebral bodies that are in the lower back region called?

  • Lumbar vertebrae

  
• What are the vertebrae in the lower back region called?

  Lumbar vertebrae

  
• What is the primary function of lumbar vertebrae?

  They bear the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility in the lower back.

  
• What are the main components of a lumbar vertebra?

  • Vertebral body
  • Pedicles
  • Laminae
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse processes

  
• What is the main body of a vertebra called?

  Vertebral body

  
• What structures connect the vertebral body to the vertebral arch?

  Pedicles

  
• What part of the vertebra forms the vertebral arch?

  Laminae

  
• What is the projection that extends backward from the vertebral arch called?

  Spinous process

  
• What are the lateral projections that extend from the vertebral arch called?

  Transverse processes

  
• Compared to thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae have larger what?

  Vertebral bodies

  
• What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from vertebrae in other spinal regions?

  • Typically larger vertebral bodies
  • Shorter and stouter spinous processes
  • More prominent transverse processes
  • Facets oriented in different planes for flexibility

  
• Are the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae generally larger or smaller than thoracic vertebrae?

  Larger

  
• Why are the lumbar vertebrae adapted for greater flexibility?

  Because their facets are oriented in different planes to allow for a wider range of motion.

  
• How do the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae differ from thoracic vertebrae?

  They are shorter and stouter.

  
• What type of joint is shown in the images?

  Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

  
• What are the main components of the shoulder joint?

  • Head of the humerus
  • Glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • Joint capsule
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

  
• What does the image show?

  A skeletal model of a knee joint

  
• What are joint problems?

  • Synovitis
  • Bursitis
  • Infection
  • Osteoarthritis (OA)
  • Hip dysplasia
  • Hyperflexibility
  • Laxity
  • Luxation/dislocation
  • Ligament injuries
• What is the most common type of joint?

  Synovial Joints
• What type of joint is the most moveable?

  Synovial Joints
• How are articulating bones separated in a synovial joint?

  By a fluid-filled space
• What surrounds the joint space in most synovial joints?

  • Synovial membrane
  • Fibrous joint capsule (strengthens the synovial membrane)
• What is the term for the minimally invasive surgical procedure to examine and treat joints?

  Arthroscopy
• What happens to the surface of articular cartilage during joint movement?

  It deforms
• What is maintained in the joint space during articular cartilage deformation?

  Space is maintained
• What is the appearance of synovial fluid?

  Clear/straw coloured viscous fluid
• What are the main components of cartilage?

  • Cells: Chondrocytes
  • Collagen and other organic matrix components
  • Water
  • Regional variation
• Where is synovial fluid secreted from?

  Synovial membrane
• What is a key component of synovial fluid?

  Hyaluronic acid
• What are the functions of synovial fluid?

  • Lubrication
  • Shock absorption
  • Nutrient and waste transportation
• What are bursae?

  Fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce friction between moving parts of the joint
• What are menisci in the context of joints?

  They are pads of fibrous cartilage that cushion the joint
• What are tendon sheaths?

  They are similar to bursae but wrap around tendons as they pass over joints