hindlimb

• What type of joint connects the upper arm to the shoulder?

  • Ball and socket joint

  
• What are the facies articularis prox. and what bones do they belong to?

  • Facies articularis prox. are the proximal articular surfaces.
  • They belong to the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia.

  
• What type of joint connects the upper arm to the shoulder?

  • Ball and socket joint

  
• What type of structure is shown in the images?

  A skeletal structure, specifically a lower leg bone and ankle joint

  
• What functions are performed by the structures shown in the images?

  • Support the body
  • Facilitate movement
  • Protect internal organs
  • Store minerals

  
• Name the main bones of the lower leg.

  Tibia and Fibula

  
• What are the key anatomical features of the tibia and fibula?

  • Tibia: Thicker, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
  • Fibula: Thinner bone, primarily for muscle attachment

  
• What joint connects the tibia and fibula?

  The Tibiofibular Joint

  
• Describe the structure and function of the Tibiofibular Joint.

  • Structure: Connects the tibia and fibula along their lengths
  • Function: Allows slight movement for better weight distribution and stability during movement

  
• What is the purpose of bones in the skeletal system?

  They provide structural support and protect internal organs.

  
• What are the main functions of bones in the human skeletal system?

  • Structural support: Give shape and form to the body
  • Protection: Surround and safeguard internal organs
  • Movement: Serve as attachment sites for muscles, enabling movement
  • Mineral storage: Store calcium and phosphorus, essential for body functions
  • Blood cell production: Contain bone marrow where blood cells are formed

  
• What type of bone is shown in the image?

  A long bone.

  
• Why are long bones described as having a diaphysis and epiphyses?

  Because they have a central shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses).

  
• What are the main components of a long bone?

  • Diaphysis: Central shaft
  • Epiphyses: Two ends

  
• What is the medullary cavity?

  The hollow interior of the diaphysis.

  
• What type of marrow is found in the medullary cavity of adult long bones?

  Yellow marrow.

  
• Where is yellow marrow located in long bones?

  The medullary cavity.

  
• What is the function of yellow marrow in adult bones?

  To store fat.

  
• What type of marrow is found in the epiphyses of long bones?

  Red marrow.

  
• Where is red marrow located in long bones?

  The epiphyses.

  
• What is the primary function of red marrow in long bones?

  To produce blood cells.

  
• What is the periosteum?

  The membrane surrounding the diaphysis.

  
• What are the functions of red and yellow marrow in bones?

  • Red Marrow: Produces blood cells
  • Yellow Marrow: Stores fat

  
• What is the endosteum?

  The membrane lining the medullary cavity.

  
• What are the functions of the periosteum and endosteum?

  They participate in bone growth and repair.

  
• What is the function of the bones shown in the image?

  • Provide structural support
  • Facilitate movement
  • Protect internal organs

  
• How do bones facilitate movement?

  They act as levers and provide attachment sites for muscles.

  
• What does synsarcosis increase?

  Effective limb length
• What does synsarcosis provide in limb motion?

  Free range of motion
• How is the pelvic limb fixed to the trunk?

  It is relatively fixed to the trunk at the sacroiliac joint
• Is the proximal pelvic limb more robust or more columnar?

  More robust
• Is the thoracic limb relatively more robust or more columnar?

  More columnar
• What are the components of Ground Reaction Forces?

  • PL horizontal force
  • TL horizontal force
  • PL vertical force
  • TL vertical force
• What are the primary roles of the pelvic limb?

  • Power and propulsion
  • Drive the body forwards
  • Power the body upwards / over obstacles (jumping)
  • Kicking (defense)
• Besides locomotion, what functions does the pelvic limb serve?

  Scratching and ‘cocking the leg’
• Which species are included in the Comparative Pelvic Limb category?

  • Bear
  • Human
  • Ape
  • Carnivores
  • Ungulates (horses/deer etc)
• What are MC3 and splint bones involved in?

  • Weight bearing
  • Located on the terminal phalanx
• On which phalanx does weight-bearing occur in the Comparative Pelvic Limb category?

  Terminal phalanx
• How is the femur described in the Comparative Pelvic Limb category?

  Short and robust
• What are the bones of the Pelvic Limb?

  • Pelvis
  • Ischium
  • Ilium
  • Pubis
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsus
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges (1-3)