Mocks

• What type of transport is the sodium-potassium pump an example of?

  Active transport
• Why does the sodium-potassium pump require energy?

  To move substances against their concentration gradient
• What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?

  Maintaining the electrochemical gradient
• How many sodium ions are pumped out for every two potassium ions pumped in?

  Three sodium ions
• What happens during ATP hydrolysis in the sodium-potassium pump?

  ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate
• What is the first step in the sodium-potassium pump mechanism?

  Binding of three sodium ions from the cytoplasm
• What occurs after the pump is phosphorylated by ATP?

  A conformational change transports sodium ions outside
• What is formed when the membrane pinches off during phagocytosis?

  A phagosome
• What is the main function of pinocytosis?

  Engulfing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes
• How does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from other types of endocytosis?

  It involves specific binding of ligands to receptors
• What is the process of exocytosis?

  Expelling materials by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane
• What role do SNARE proteins play in exocytosis?

  They mediate the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
• Why do both endocytosis and exocytosis require energy?

  They involve moving large molecules across the membrane
• What is the key difference between the sodium-potassium pump and bulk transport mechanisms?

  The pump transports ions, while bulk transport moves larger molecules
• How does co-transport utilize the sodium-potassium pump?

  It relies on the sodium gradient created by the pump
• What is the difference between symport and antiport in co-transport?

  Symport moves substances in the same direction, antiport in opposite
• What happens during sodium-glucose co-transport in the small intestine?

  Sodium ions move in, transporting glucose against its gradient
• How does the sodium-calcium antiport function in heart muscle cells?

  Sodium ions enter while calcium ions are expelled
• What is the energy source for co-transport mechanisms?

  Ion gradients created by active transport
• What are the main types of endocytosis?

  • Phagocytosis ("cell eating")
  • Pinocytosis ("cell drinking")
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
• What are the key steps involved in exocytosis?

  1. Vesicle formation
  2. Vesicle transport
  3. Fusion with plasma membrane
  4. Release of contents
• What are the key features of co-transport?

  • Relies on ion gradients
  • Symport: same direction transport
  • Antiport: opposite direction transport
  • No direct ATP use
• What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump in cellular function?

  • Maintains resting membrane potential
  • Essential for nerve transmission
  • Vital for muscle contraction
• Interphase?


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• Prophase


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• Metaphase?


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• Anaphase


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• Telophase


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• Cytokinesis-


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• What is co-transport?

  A type of active transport for two molecules
• How does active transport occur?

  Through carrier proteins spanning the cell membrane
• What binds to the receptor on the carrier protein?

  Molecules that are complimentary in shape
• What happens when ATP binds to the carrier protein?

  It is hydrolyzed into ADP and Pi
• What is the result of ATP hydrolysis on the carrier protein?

  The carrier protein changes shape and releases the molecule
• What happens to the phosphate ion after the carrier protein releases the molecule?

  It is released and the protein returns to original shape
• What is actively transported out of the cell in co-transport?

  Sodium ions
• What effect does the active transport of sodium ions have on their concentration in the cell?

  It reduces the sodium ion concentration
• How do sodium ions move back into the cell?

  By diffusing down their concentration gradient
• What is the name of the protein that sodium ions diffuse through?

  Co-transporter protein
• What molecules can attach to the co-transporter protein along with sodium ions?

  Glucose or amino acids