translation

• What is the Central Dogma?


  The Central Dogma is the process of genetic information flowing from DNA to mRNA to protein.
• What are codons?

  Codons are three-nucleotide sequences that specify a specific amino acid.
• How many amino acids exist in the genetic code?

  20 amino acids.
• What are the four different nucleotides used in the genetic code?

  Adenine $(A),$ Cytosine $(C),$ Guanine $(G),$ and Uracil $(U).$
• How many possibilities are there if the genetic code consists of one nucleotide?

  4 possibilities = $4^1.$
• How many possibilities are there if the genetic code consists of two nucleotides?

  16 possibilities = $4^2.$
• How many possibilities are there if the genetic code consists of three nucleotides?

  64 possibilities = $4^3.$
• What are codons in the context of the genetic code?

  Codons are three-nucleotide sequences that specify a specific amino acid.
• What is a $5’$ cap?


  • A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA molecules
  • Protects mRNA from degradation
• What is the sequence for the $5’$ cap?


  AAAAA…
• What are the start codon sequences?

  • AUG
• What are the stop codon sequences?

  UAG, UGA, UAA.
• What codon is UAA?

  A stop codon.
• What does AUG signify in the genetic code?

  It is a start codon.
• What is the role of stop codons in translation?

  They signal the termination of translation.
• What does mRNA stand for?

  messenger ribonucleic acid.
• What is the product of translation?

  Protein.
• What is a tRNA molecule?

  transfer ribonucleic acid molecule.
• What is the primary function of tRNA?

  tRNA functions to carry specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
• What are anticodons on tRNA?

  Anticodons are three-nucleotide sequences on tRNA that are complementary to mRNA codons.
• What is the charging of tRNAs?

  • The process of attaching the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule
  • Requires aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
  • Forms a high-energy bond
• What is an amino acid?

  An amino acid is an organic molecule that serves as the basic building block of proteins.
• Which end of tRNA does the amino acid bind to?

  The $3’$ A of tRNA.
• What type of bond is formed during the charging of tRNAs?

  A high-energy bond.
• What enzymes are responsible for charging tRNAs?

  Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
• Why are different synthetases required for each tRNA-amino acid combination?

  To ensure specificity in tRNA charging.
• What are the translation mechanisms?

  1. Recognition
  2. Peptide bond formation
  3. Translocation
• What are the two ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes?

  $60S$ and $40S.$
• How many proteins are in the $60S$ ribosomal subunit?


  49 proteins.
• What types of rRNA are present in the $60S$ ribosomal subunit?


  • 28S rRNA
  • 5.8S rRNA
  • 5S rRNA
• How many proteins are in the $40S$ ribosomal subunit?


  33 proteins.
• What type of rRNA is present in the $40S$ ribosomal subunit?


  18S rRNA.
• What are the steps of the elongation cycle in translation?

  1. Recognition
  2. Peptide bond formation
  3. Translocation
• What elongation factor is responsible for recognition during the elongation cycle?

  EF1.
• What nucleotide-binding form is EF1 associated with?

  GTP.
• What nucleotide-binding form is EF1 after hydrolysis?

  GDP.
• What is peptide bond formation in translation?

  The formation of a chemical bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
• What enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation?

  Peptidyl transferase.
• What is translocation in the elongation cycle?

  Translocation is the movement of mRNA by one codon after peptide bond formation.
• Which elongation factor is involved in translocation?

  EF2.