FST511 LIPID

• What are the two main factors that determine fatty acids?

  Length of carbon chain and degree of saturation
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds
• Which food source is associated with Caprylic acid?

  Coconut oil
• Which fatty acid is found in most animal oils?

  Stearic acid
• How many double bonds does Oleic acid have?

  1
• What is the primary function of essential fatty acids?

  Regulate gene expression and cell development
• What are the functions of triglycerides?

  • Energy supply
  • Energy reserve
  • Insulation and protection
  • Transport fat-soluble nutrients
  • Component of cell membrane
• What are the roles of phospholipids?

  • Component of cell membrane
  • Transport fat-soluble nutrients
  • Emulsifier
• What are the functions of sterols?

  • Component of cell membrane, brain, and nerve cells
  • Synthesize bile acids
  • Transport fat-soluble vitamins
  • Produce steroid hormones
  • Precursor of active vitamin D
• What is the daily requirement for cholesterol intake?

  Less than 300 mg/day
• What percentage of energy intake should come from total fat?

  25% - 30%
• What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

  Non-modifiable:

  • Being male
  • Being post-menopausal female
  • Family history of heart disease

  
  

  Modifiable:

  • Smoking
  • Physical inactivity
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Atherogenic diet
• How does high blood pressure contribute to atherosclerosis?

  It triggers endothelial dysfunction
• What is the main type of cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis?

  Hardening of the arteries
• What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

  Deposition of cholesteryl esters
• What role do inflammatory stimuli play in atherosclerosis?

  They can trigger endothelial dysfunction
• What is the effect of smoking on endothelial cells?

  It causes oxidative damage
• How does hyperlipidemia contribute to cardiovascular disease?

  It leads to cholesterol deposition in arteries
• What is the significance of essential fatty acids in the body?

  They are crucial for cell and nerve development
• How many double bonds does Linolenic acid have?

  3
• What is the role of trans fatty acids in food?

  They are easier to handle and spread
• What happens to oils once they are fully hydrogenated?

  They lose unsaturated character and health benefits
• What is the primary function of lipoproteins?

  Lipid transportation in the body

  
• What is the relationship between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease?

  Atherosclerosis is a main type of CVD
• How do mechanical and chemical factors contribute to atherosclerosis?

  They trigger endothelial dysfunction
• How does physical inactivity affect cardiovascular disease risk?

  It increases the risk of developing CVD
• What is the effect of high homocysteine levels on cardiovascular health?

  It can trigger endothelial dysfunction
• What is the impact of obesity on cardiovascular health?

  It is a modifiable risk factor for CVD
• What dietary factors can contribute to hyperlipidemia?

  Atherogenic diet increases cholesterol levels
• What is the role of cholesterol in the body?

  It is a component of cell membranes
• What is the significance of the daily requirement for saturated fatty acids?

  Should be less than 10% of energy intake
• Which food source is associated with Behenic acid?

  Seeds
• What is the number of double bonds in Linoleic acid?

  2
• What is the role of essential fatty acids in the immune system?

  They act as precursors for chemical messengers
• How do trans fatty acids affect health?

  They can lead to health risks when consumed
• What is the number of double bonds in Eicosapentaenoic acid?

  5
• What is the number of double bonds in Docosahexaenoic acid?

  6
• What is the significance of the daily requirement for linoleic acid?

  3% - 7% of energy intake
• What is the significance of the daily requirement for linolenic acid?

  0.3% - 1.2% of energy intake
• How does an atherogenic diet affect cholesterol levels?

  It increases cholesterol levels in the body