Psychodynamic

• What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about behavior?

  It is affected by unconscious motives
• How are thoughts and actions related to childhood experiences in the psychodynamic approach?

  They are rooted in childhood experiences
• How can resolution of mental disorders occur according to the psychodynamic approach?

  By accessing repressed ideas and conflicts
• What is the tripartite personality proposed by Freud?

  A model with Id, Ego, and Superego
• What principle does the Id operate on?

  The pleasure principle
• When does the Id develop according to Freud?

  At birth
• What is the role of the Ego in the tripartite personality?

  It mediates between Id and Superego
• What principle does the Ego operate on?

  The reality principle
• When does the Ego develop according to Freud?

  Around age 2
• What does the Superego represent in Freud's model?

  The morality principle
• When does the Superego develop according to Freud?

  Around age 5
• What are defence mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach?

  • Unconscious processes
  • Protect the Ego from threats
  • Often distort reality
  • Considered unhealthy long-term
• What is repression as a defence mechanism?

  Unconscious blocking of unpleasant thoughts
• What is denial as a defence mechanism?

  Refusal to accept reality
• What is displacement as a defence mechanism?

  Redirecting emotions to a safer target
• What is projection as a defence mechanism?

  Attributing one's own feelings to others
• What is regression as a defence mechanism?

  Reverting to earlier developmental stages
• What is sublimation as a defence mechanism?

  Channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities
• What are the psychosexual stages of development according to Freud?

  1. Oral Stage (0-1 years)
  2. Anal Stage (1-3 years)
  3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
  4. Latency Stage (6-11 years)
  5. Genital Stage (puberty and beyond)
• What is the focus of pleasure in the oral stage?

  The mouth (tasting and sucking)
• What demonstrates successful completion of the oral stage?

  Successful weaning
• What can result from an unsuccessful oral stage completion?

  Oral fixation
• What is the focus of pleasure in the anal stage?

  Defecation
• What demonstrates successful completion of the anal stage?

  Successful potty training
• What can result from an unsuccessful anal stage completion?

  Being anally retentive or expulsive
• What is the focus of pleasure in the phallic stage?

  The genital area
• What demonstrates successful completion of the phallic stage?

  Identification
• What is the Oedipus complex?

  Boys desire their mothers and fear their fathers
• What is castration anxiety in the Oedipus complex?

  Fear of being punished by the father
• How do boys resolve castration anxiety in the Oedipus complex?

  By identifying with their father
• What is the Electra complex?

  Girls desire their fathers and fear their mothers
• What is penis envy in the Electra complex?

  Girls feel they lack a penis and resent their mothers
• How do girls resolve their feelings in the Electra complex?

  By identifying with their mother
• What happens during the latency stage?

  Conflicts are repressed and sexual urges sublimated
• What is the focus of the genital stage?

  Developing healthy adult relationships
• What is a key requirement for successful completion of the genital stage?

  Successful negotiation of earlier stages
• What are the real-world applications of the psychodynamic approach?

  • Valuable for treating mild neuroses
  • Not suitable for serious disorders like schizophrenia
  • Psychoanalysis requires articulation of thoughts
• Why is the psychodynamic approach considered unfalsifiable?

  It cannot be empirically tested
• Who argued that psychology needs to be falsifiable?

  Popper
• What is the main criticism of the psychodynamic approach regarding scientific status?

  It is unfalsifiable