Cell Division

• In body cells, how are chromosomes organized?

  Chromosomes are found in pairs.
• What is the series of stages called that body cells undergo to divide?

  The cell cycle.
• What happens to genetic material during the cell cycle?

  It is doubled before division.
• What is the process called when two identical nuclei are formed?

  Mitosis.
• What must a cell do before it can divide?

  Grow and replicate its DNA.
• What occurs during mitosis regarding chromosomes?

  One set is pulled to each end of the cell.
• What divides to form two identical cells after mitosis?

  The cytoplasm and cell membranes.
• Why is mitotic cell division important?

  For growth, repair, and development.
• What are the three stages in the cell cycle?

  1. Growth and DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytoplasm and membrane division
• How many pairs of chromosomes do human body cells have?

  23 pairs.
• What do sperm and egg cells each contain?

  23 chromosomes.
• What happens to genes during asexual reproduction?

  They are produced by mitosis from the parent cell.
• What is the role of meristems in plant cells?

  Mitosis takes place throughout life.
• How do plant cells differ from most animal cells in terms of differentiation?

  Many plant cells can differentiate throughout life.
• What is the process of differentiation in cells?

  • Cells change to form different types
  • Early development cells are unspecialised (stem cells)
  • Most animal cells differentiate early
  • Some cells replaced by adult stem cells
• What is cloning in the context of cell division?

  Producing genetically identical offspring.
• Where are embryonic stem cells found?

  In human embryos.
• Why is it easier to clone plants than animals?

  Plant cells can become unspecialised again.
• What can stem cells potentially treat?

  Conditions like paralysis and diabetes.
• What are the benefits of using plant meristem stem cells?

  • Quick and economical cloning
  • Large numbers of identical plants
  • Useful for research and agriculture
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  Producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient.
• What is a potential risk of using embryonic stem cells?

  They could cause tumors.
• What is a common ethical objection to embryonic stem cell research?

  It violates the embryo's rights.
• What is a social problem associated with stem cell research?

  Money could be wasted on it.
• What is the advantage of therapeutic cloning?

  Reduces the risk of rejection.
• Where are adult stem cells found?

  In adult bone marrow.
• What is the role of stem cells in treating diabetes?

  To produce insulin-producing cells.
• What is the significance of the zygote in stem cell research?

  It is the first cell formed after fertilization.
• What happens to stem cells in the embryo?

  They differentiate into all body cell types.
• What is the main function of meristems in plants?

  To allow continuous growth and differentiation.
• How do stem cells contribute to tissue repair?

  They can differentiate into needed cell types.
• What is the relationship between stem cells and cloning?

  Stem cells can be used to create clones.
• What is the role of hormones in plant growth?

  They regulate growth and differentiation.
• What is the significance of the root tip in plants?

  It contains meristems for growth.
• What is the main difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

  Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.
• What is the potential of stem cells in medical treatments?

  They can differentiate into various cell types for therapy.
• What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning?

  To create tissues and organs for transplants.
• What is a potential benefit of using stem cells in treating paralysis?

  They can differentiate into new nerve cells.
• What is the significance of insulin-producing cells in diabetes treatment?

  They help regulate blood sugar levels.
• What is the role of the pancreas in diabetes?

  It produces insulin to control blood sugar.