intro of the GIT

• What is the primary function of the esophagus in a ruminant digestive system?

  To transport food from the mouth to the rumen

  
• Name the first compartment of a ruminant stomach.

  Rumen

  
• What is the role of the reticulum in the ruminant digestive system?

  • Acts as a filter for food particles
  • Collects heavier particles that are passed back to the rumen for further processing

  
• What is the name of the small, muscular sac in the ruminant stomach?

  Reticulum

  
• What is the main function of the omasum/abomasum in the ruminant digestive system?

  • Omasum absorbs water and mineral salts
  • Abomasum carries out enzymatic digestion similar to a monogastric stomach

  
• What is the name of the first glandular sac in the ruminant digestive system?

  Anterior glandular sac

  
• What is the name of the second glandular sac in the ruminant digestive system?

  Posterior glandular sac

  
• Name the part of the ruminant digestive system that corresponds to the small intestine.

  Duodenum

  
• What are the anterior and posterior glandular sacs primarily responsible for in the ruminant digestive system?

  • Anterior glandular sac: secretes enzymes and mucus for initial digestion
  • Posterior glandular sac: regulates digestion and fluid balance

  
• What distinguishes the enzymatic digestion in the abomasum of ruminants from the digestion in a monogastric stomach?

  The abomasum uses similar enzymatic digestion as a monogastric stomach

  
• What is the primary function of the duodenum?

  The duodenum is responsible for:

  • Receiving chyme from the stomach
  • Starting the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

  
• Where is the gall bladder located?

  Between the lobes of the liver

  
• What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

  Controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum

  
• What connects the pharynx to the stomach?

  Oesophagus

  
• Which sphincter is located at the lower end of the oesophagus?

  Cardiac sphincter

  
• What are the main functions of the stomach?

  The stomach is responsible for:

  • Storing food
  • Breaking down food mechanically and chemically
  • Producing chyme

  
• Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing old red blood cells?

  Spleen

  
• Which gland produces enzymes and hormones for digestion?

  Pancreas

  
• What is the function of the common bile duct?

  Carries bile from the gall bladder and liver to the duodenum

  
• What does the pancreatic duct carry?

  Pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate to the duodenum

  
• Which two parts of the small intestine are responsible for nutrient absorption?

  • Ileum
  • Jejunum

  
• What is the function of the ascending colon?

  Ascends from the ileocaecal junction towards the transverse colon

  
• Where does the ileocaecal junction occur?

  Where the ileum joins the caecum

  
• What is the caecum?

  A pouch at the beginning of the large intestine

  
• What is the role of the transverse colon?

  Stretches horizontally across the abdomen

  
• What is the descending colon?

  Descends from the transverse colon to the rectum

  
• What is the function of the rectum?

  Stores and compacts faeces before defecation

  
• What is the anus?

  The opening at the end of the digestive tract where faeces are expelled

  
• What are the structures labeled A, B, and C in the provided images?

  • A: Jejunum
  • B: Duodenum
  • C: Ileum

  
• What type of tissue is shown in the connective tissue septum?

  Connective tissue

  
• What is the function of the connective tissue septum in a gland?

  To divide the gland into lobes and lobules, providing structural support and facilitating distribution of vessels and nerves.

  
• What are the intralobular striated ducts responsible for?

  Transporting saliva from acini to interlobular ducts.

  
• Why do pale staining mucous acini appear lighter in color compared to serous acini?

  Because they produce a watery mucin secretion that stains pale.

  
• What type of acini are characterized by pale staining?

  Mucous acini

  
• What are serous demi-lunes associated with?

  Mucous acini

  
• How do serous demi-lunes contribute to mucous gland secretions?

  They secrete serous fluids that modify mucus and enhance its enzymatic content.

  
• What are the two main vascular structures visible in a liver lobule?

  • Portal areas
  • Central vein

  
• What is the function of portal areas in a liver lobule?

  • They contain branches of hepatic portal veins, hepatic arteries, and bile ducts.

  
• What is the role of the central vein in a liver lobule?

  • The central vein drains blood from the lobule into the hepatic veins.

  
• What is the significance of the central vein in the flow of blood through the liver lobule?

  • The central vein ensures that blood processed by the liver cells flows from the periphery of the lobule to the center and subsequently drains into the hepatic veins.