E + c

• Which group of men experiences subordinated masculinity and why?

  Homosexuals due to lack of desire
• What are two reasons for the invisibility of corporate crime?

  • The media
  • Lack of political will
  • Crimes are complex
  • De-labelling
  • Under-reporting
• What are the two types of white collar crime?

  Occupational and corporate
• What is victimisation defined as?

  Being selected as a target of crime
• What are responses to victimisation?

  • Organised self-defence campaigns
  • Protests (e.g., BLM)
  • Under-protection by CJS due to institutional racism
• What are the stages of criminalisation in the CJS?

  1. Policing / stop & search
  2. Arrests & cautions
  3. Prosecution & trial
  4. Conviction & sentencing
  5. Prison
• How much higher is the arrest rate for black people?

  3 times higher
• What is Gilroy's perspective on black criminality?

  • Myth of black criminality
  • Criminalised due to racism, not actual crime
  • Real crime rooted in anti-colonial resistance
• What is Hall's perspective on policing the crisis?

  • 1970s capitalist crisis led to unrest
  • Media moral panic of 'black muggers'
  • Scapegoating to stabilize capitalism