ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

• WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT?

  • primordial heat

  • spontaneous radioactive decay

  • gravitational pressure

  • dense core materials
• ENDOGENIC PROCESS

  • geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth

  • involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism.
• MAGMATISM • refers to the activity or the motion of magma
• magma

  • semi-liquid molten rock mixture found in the lower portion of the crust and upper part of the mantle
• magma

  • creates igneous rocks when solidified
• lava - hot mixtureof gases and molten rocks that come out of the volcano
• HOW IS MAGMA FORMED?

  • forms from partial melting of mantle rocks
• PARTIAL MELTING

  • different minerals in rocks melt at different temperature and pressure

  • another factor is addition of volatile materials
• volatile materials such as water and carbon dioxide
• PARTIAL MELTING

  • As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others remain solid.

  • If the same conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintaine
• REQUIREMENTS NEEDED FOR PARTIAL MELTING

  1. increase in temperature
  2. decrease in pressure (decompression melting)
  3. addition of volatiles (flux melting)
• RELATION OF PRESSURE TO MELTING

  • Pressure increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock.

  • higher pressure led to higher melting points
• DECOMPRESSION MELTING • takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced.
• DECOMPRESSION MELTING • happens because the rock is being moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell
• DECOMPRESSION MELTING • If a rock that is hot enough which is close to its melting point is moved toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this point, partial melting starts to take place.
• FLUX MELTING • happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts
• AS MAGMA MOVES TOWARDS THE SURFACE...

  • it interacts with the surrounding rock

  • typically leads to partial melting of the surrounding rock because most such magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of a crustal rock
• MAGMA • most magmas are entirely liquid (over 1300°C) • As the temperature drops, usually because the magma is slowly moving upward
• MAGMA • silica chains have the important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny), and magma viscosity has significant implications for more explosive volcanic eruptions
• WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MAGMA IS FORMED? • magma escapes in two forms: • intrusion or extrusion
• INTRUSION • magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting • magma does not get out
• PLUTONISM

  • igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth's surface.

  • In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth's crust but fails to make it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth to ideal conditions for metallogenesis and that is a kind of Plutonism.
• PLUTONISM

  • This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when the presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed.

  • The solidification and crystallization of magma takes place mainly inside the Earth's interior.
• PLUTONISM

  • When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites
• plutonites • crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust
• EXTRUSION

  • an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth

  • Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's crust
• EXTRUSION

  • Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption.

  • Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava.
• EXTRUSION

  • the deeper the magma chamber, the stronger the explosion
• VOLCANISM • Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs. (Grotzinger et.al ,2008
• VOLCANISM • geological activities correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior towards the natural terrestrial surface.
• VOLCANISM • Volcanoes are created and formed when the energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth's core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock formation
• VOLCANISM • The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface. • water vapor concentration in magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions
• VOLCANISM • Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formations known as volcanites.